Self 2: Development Definitions Flashcards
Development
The progressive acquisition, elaboration and advancement of intelligence, understanding and ability.
Scheme
An idea or understanding about what something is and is to deal with it
Accommodation
Changing our schemes to include new experiences and information that cannot fit into existing schemas
Assimilation
A process by which individuals include new experiences and information in their currant schemas
Sensori-motor stage
The period of time between birth and two years of age, during which an infants knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities
Pre operational stage
The period between two and seven years of age during which a child is unable to carry out the mental operations required to think logically
Concrete operational stage
The period between the ages of 7 and 11 during which children gain a better understanding of mental operations
Formal operational stage
The period between 12 years of age to adulthood during which people develop the ability to think abstractly
Object permanence
The concept gained by infants that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen
Egocentric viewpoint
Inability to see things from another persons point of view
Conservation
The understanding that an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area simply because it changes shape
Classify
to group objects or events by features they have in common
Hypothetical thinking
the exploration of possibilities and outcomes of different events and actions without an event actually occurring
Abstract thinking
thinking that does not rely on being able to see or handle concrete materials in order to be able to reason about them
Morality
An individuals system of beliefs and values concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour
Moral dilemma
Amoral dilemmais a conflict in which you have to choose between two or more actions and havemoral reasons for choosing each action.
Pre-conventional morality
The first category of moral development, which includes the stages ‘obedience and punishment’ and ‘individualism and exchange.’ These stages of morality involve simple reasoning and account only for the individuals point of view.
Conventional morality
The second category of moral development, which includes the stages ‘interpersonal relationships’ and ‘maintaining social order.’ These stages are the most common, they involve more complex reasoning and take into account how the individuals actions will affect others.
Post-conventional morality
The third category of moral development, which includes the stage ‘social contract and individual rights’ and ‘universal principles.’ These stages are rarely achieved and they involve highly complex reasoning that can diverge from social norms
Identity
All of the beliefs, ideals and values that help shape and guide a persons behaviour
Sense of self
an understanding of the nature of the self as distanced from others in terms of enduring personality characteristics
Basic virtues
The main strength or understanding achieved from each psychosocial crisis
Psychosocial crisis
A critical crisis in development where someone either achieves or fails to achieve a basic virtue
Imitation
Observing and then copying the words, facial expressions, or actions of another person
Modelling
To exhibit a behaviour in such a way as to promote similar behaviours in others
Attention
The extent to which the subject is focused on the behaviour and/or interested by it
Retention
The extent to which a subject remembers the behaviour
Reproduction
The ability of the subject to reproduce the behaviour
Motivation
The extent to which the subject is willing to perform the behaviour
