Self 2: Development Stages

Question 1

Piaget: Sensori-motor stage

Answer 1

0-2 years old
Develop understanding of the world through their sensory and motor interactions with it
Do not understand object permanence

Question 2

Piaget: Pre-operational stage

Answer 2

2-7 years old
Not able to think logically
Can not conserve (weight/volume/mass etc.)
Egocentric

Question 3

Piaget: Concrete operational stage

Answer 3

7-11
Able to think logically
Can carry out mental operations provided they are working with concrete materials
Understand conservation 
Can classify things by a common feature

Question 4

Piaget: Formal operational stage

Answer 4

11 onwards
Not reliant on being able to see or handle concrete items in order to reason about them
Can think abstractly and conceptualise
Can hypothesis

Question 5

Kohlberg: obedience and punishment

Answer 5

Pre-conventional morality
Common in young children
See rules as fixed and absolute
Obey rules to avoid punishment

Question 6

Kohlberg: individualism and exchange

Answer 6

Pre conventional morality
Account for individual points of view
Judge actions based on how it served individual needs.
Reciprocity is possible but only if it serves ones own interests

Question 7

Kohlberg: interpersonal relationships

Answer 7

Conventional morality
“Good boy/good girl stage”
Living up to social expectations and roles
Emphasis on conformity and being nice

Question 8

Kohlberg: maintaining social order

Answer 8

Conventional morality
Considers society as a whole
Maintaining law and order
Doing ones duty and respecting authority

Question 9

Kohlberg: social contact and individual rights

Answer 9

Post conventional morality
Account for differing values, opinions and beliefs
Rules of law are important
But members of society should agree upon these standards

Question 10

Kohlberg: universal principles

Answer 10

Post conventional morality
Universal ethical principles and abstract meaning
Follow these internalised principles of justice even if the conflict with laws and rules

Question 11

Erickson: trust vs mistrust

Answer 11

Stage 1
Basic virtue: hope
Age: infancy (0-1.5)
Important events: feeding

Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Question 12

Erickson: Autonomy vs Shame

Answer 12

Stage 2
Basic virtue: Will
Age: Early childhood (1.5-3)
Important events: Toilet training

Children need to develop a sense of personal control over their physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Question 13

Erickson: Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 13

Stage 3
Basic virtue: Purpose
Age: Play age (3-5)
Important events: Exploration

Children need to begin asserting control and power over their environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

Question 14

Erickson: Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 14

Stage 4
Basic Virtue: Competency
Age: School age (5-12)
Important events: School

Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Question 15

Erickson: Ego identity vs Role confusion

Answer 15

Stage 5
Basic virtue: Fidelity
Age: Adolescence (12-18)
Important events: Social interaction

Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Question 16

Erickson: Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 16

Stage 6
Basic Virtue: Love
Age: Young Adult (18-40)
Important events: Relationships

Young adults need to form intimate loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results on loneliness and isolation.

Question 17

Erickson: Generativity vs Stagnation

Answer 17

Stage 7
Basic virtue: Care
Age: Adulthood (40-65)
Important events: Work and parenthood

Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Question 18

Erickson: Ego integrity vs Despair

Answer 18

Stage 8
Basic virtue: Wisdom
Age: Maturity (65+)
Important events: reflection on life

Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of accomplishment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness and despair.