Semester 1 Stress Flashcards
Why look at stress 1
Many individuals are required to perform under extreme stress and an understanding how performance changes, and performers cope, is of interest.
Why look at stress 2
Sport performers (particularly those at the highest level) are required to perform under intense pressure and the ability to cope with this pressure is seen to be central to success (Patmore, 1986).
Why look at stress 3
Sport is a highly uncertain environment within which to perform and that contributes to the stress.
Brief history of stress
Strictus, Latin, Eustress French, Stress Middle English. 485BC – 120AD
Ancient Greek Philosophers
1660 - 1705AD
Hooke’s law, law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load
First stage of history
1839 - 1883
Milieu Interieur- (1) Literally means the environment within. So the body balances to compensate for stress and then return to a resting state. How psychological effect physiological
Second stage of history
1929
Homeostasis.
Third stage of history
1929
Fight or Flight
1974
Eustress and Distress
Hans Selye introduced the concept of stress having two categories: distress and eustress. Distress is stress that negatively affects you and eustress is stress that has a positive effect on you. Eustress is what energizes us and motivates us to make a change
1980s Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Cognitive appraisal refers to the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful.
1989
Physiological Toughness
Toughness theory (Dienstbier, 1989) suggests that periodic exposure to cycles of challenge (physical or psychological) and rest leads to increased neuroendocrine capacities in the central nervous system and in the body generally.
The Stress as a Process McGrath 1970
Lazorous and Folkman 1986
Event, Perception of event, How we appraise this situation, evaluation of event, PRIMARY and SECONDARY appraisal. Primary specific to the event is it important does it matter a stress response will occur. Secondary appraisal - perceived demands as danger, uncertainty or effort need. All result in my emotional, and psychological and behaviour response.
So what is an Appraisal?
“An assessment of an emotional situation wherein a person evaluates how the event will affect them, interprets the various aspects of the event, and arrives at a response based on that interpretation
Cognitive Appraisal Theory, Before a film showing surgical procedures, some participants received no introduction or commentary. What were results
Results showed that when a film was introduced with low reference to pain and harm, stress responses were lower.
(Lazarus & Alfert, 1964)
Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1986)
Situation or event, Primary Appraisal
(Is this meaningful? Will it impact my well-being? If you not bothered NO STRESS RESPONSE but if you care we go to Secondary Appraisal
(Is there anything I can do?) Challenge or Threat.
Where does anxiety fit in?
Stress = One’s psychophysiological response determined by the appraisal of a motivated performance situation
Anxiety = A person-specific response determined by the type of stress response experienced
When stressed, an individual will experience a combination of either positive or negative affective, emotional, and physiological responses
