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AUBF > Sediment Constituents (Abnormal Crystals) > Flashcards

Sediment Constituents (Abnormal Crystals) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the appearance of cystine crystals?

A

Colorless refractile hexagonal plates, often laminated. Sides are not always even resembling a six sided stop sign

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2
Q

What is cystine often mistaken for?

A

Hexagonal uric acid crystals

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3
Q

In which conditions is cystine increased?

A

Cystinuria and cytinosis

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4
Q

What is the color of cystine in urine?

A

Colorless

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5
Q

What is the solubility of uric acid and cystine in ammonia?

A

Soluble

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6
Q

What is the solubility of uric acid and cystine in dilute HCl?

A

Uric acid: Insoluble, Cystine: Soluble

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7
Q

Which test is positive for cystine?

A

Cyanide-nitropruside reaction

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8
Q

What is the appearance of cholesterol crystals?

A

Rectangular plate with notch in one or more corners (staircase pattern)

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9
Q

What type of crystals are seen in refrigeration?

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Cholesterol crystals resemble which other crystals?

A

Crystals of radiographic dye

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11
Q

In which condition is cholesterol increased?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

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12
Q

What is the solubility of cholesterol crystals?

A

Chloroform

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13
Q

What are some other names for radiographic dye?

A

Meglumine diatrizoate, Renograffin, Hypaque

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14
Q

What is the appearance of radiographic dye crystals?

A

Flat, four-sided plates, often with a notched corner; other forms include long, thin, prisms, or rectangles

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15
Q

How to differentiate between radiographic dye and cholesterol crystals?

A

Check patient history, correlate with other UA results (S.G > 1.040 using refractometer)

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16
Q

What is the solubility of radiographic dye in 10% NaOH?

A

Soluble

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17
Q

What type of urine crystals appear as hay-like and fine, colorless to yellow needles in clumps or rosettes?

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

In which condition is tyrosine increased?

A

Liver disease (more commonly found than leucine)

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19
Q

What is the solubility of tyrosine crystals?

A

Alkali or heat

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20
Q

What is the appearance of leucine crystals?

A

Yellow-brown oily-looking spheres with concentric circles and radial striations

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21
Q

What do leucine crystals resemble?

A

Wagon wheels, tree growth pattern or striations of tree

22
Q

What can leucine crystals resemble besides tree patterns?

A

Fat globules

23
Q

What pattern is seen under polarization with leucine crystals?

A

Pseudo-maltese cross pattern

24
Q

In which condition is leucine increased?

A

Liver disease

25
Q

What is the solubility of leucine crystals?

A

Hot alkali or alcohol

26
Q

What do bilirubin crystals look like?

A

Clumped granules or needles with bright yellow color

27
Q

What other form can bilirubin crystals take?

A

Reddish brown needles that cluster in clumps or spheres

28
Q

In which condition is bilirubin increased in urine?

A

Liver disease

29
Q

What is the solubility of bilirubin crystals?

A

Acetic acid, HCl, NaOH, acetone, and chloroform

30
Q

What is the appearance of sulfonamide crystals?

A

Fan shaped needles, sheaves of wheat, rosettes, arrowheads, petals, round-shaped, whetstones

31
Q

What can sulfonamide crystals be mistaken for?

A

Calcium phosphate crystals

32
Q

How to differentiate between sulfonamide and calcium phosphate crystals?

A

Calcium phosphate is soluble in acetic acid, Sulfonamide is positive in lignin test and diazo reaction

33
Q

What can sulfonamide deposits cause in nephrons?

A

Possible tubular damage

34
Q

What is the solubility of sulfonamide crystals?

A

Acetone

35
Q

What are the forms of sulfonamide crystals?

A

Brown rosettes or spheres, with irregular radial striations (sulfomethoxazole), yellow-brown sheaves of wheat with eccentric binding (Acetylsulfadiazine and Sulfadiazine)

36
Q

What is the appearance of ampicillin crystals?

A

Colorless needles that tend to form bundles following refrigeration

37
Q

When are ampicillin crystals typically present?

A

Massive dosage of penicillin

38
Q

What do hemosiderin crystals look like?

A

Coarse, yellow-brown granules resembling amorphous urates

39
Q

What test is positive for hemosiderin crystals?

A

Rous test (prussian blue stain)

40
Q

What do acyclovir crystals look like?

A

Colorless slender needles that are strongly birefringent with polarized light

41
Q

What is the appearance of indinavir sulfate crystals?

A

Slender colorless needles or slender rectangular plates, featherlike crystals that aggregate into wing-like bundles

42
Q

How is indinavir sulfate arranged in urine?

A

Fan-shaped or starburst forms, bundles, or sheaves

43
Q

What is indinavir sulfate associated with?

A

Renal blockage, stone formation in HIV positive individuals

44
Q

What type of formation is seen in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, fat droplets, starch granules, and cholesterol?

A

Maltese cross formation

45
Q

What is the appearance of starch granules?

A

Spheres with dimpled center (y indentation)

46
Q

What pattern is seen under polarization with starch granules?

A

Maltese cross

47
Q

What is an artifact mistaken as RBCs?

A

Oil droplets, air bubbles

48
Q

What is the appearance of pollen grain in urine?

A

Spheres with cell wall and concentric circles

49
Q

What is an artifact mistaken for Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

Pollen grain

50
Q

What are artifacts mistaken for casts?

A

Hairs and fibers

51
Q

What is the fecal contamination artifact in urine?

A

Vegetable fiber

AUBF (26 decks)

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