Introduction to Urinalysis (Specimen) Flashcards
Who published Fasciculus Medicinae in 1491, depicting a circle surrounded by thin-necked urine flasks?
Johannes de Ketham
What are the four temperaments?
Sanguineous (blood), Choleric (yellow bile), Phlegmatic (phlegm), Melancholic (black bile)
Who documented the importance of sputum in uroscopy?
Hippocrates
Who discovered albuminuria by boiling urine?
Frederik Dekkers
Who wrote a book about pisse prophets (charlatans)?
Thomas Bryant
Who examined urine sediment?
Thomas Addis
Who introduced urinalysis as part of routine patient exams?
Richard Bright
Who identified urochrome?
Ludwig Thudichum
Who discovered cerebrospinal fluid?
Domenico Cotugno
Who identified phenylketonuria?
Ivan Folling
Who discovered alkaptonuria?
Archibald Garrod
Who described orthostatic cyclic proteinuria?
Frederick William Pavy
Who identified cystine calculi?
William Wollaston
Who created Benedict’s reagent?
Stanley Benedict
What is the water percentage in urine composition?
95-97%
What is the major organic component of urine solids?
Urea
What is the principal salt in urine composition?
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
What specimen is ideal for routine urinalysis and pregnancy testing?
For evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria
First morning
What is the ideal specimen for cytology studies with prior hydration and exercise?
also for routine testing and qualitative urinalysis
Random/Occasional
What urine sample is collected after fasting, used for glucose determination?
Second morning/Fasting urine
What urine sample is preferred for diabetic screening or monitoring?
2-hour postprandial urine
What test uses blood and urine samples collected at specific intervals for diabetes diagnosis?
Fractional specimen
What is required for routine screening and bacterial culture?
Midstream clean catch
Patient’s should thoroughly cleanse genitals before collection
What method is used to collect urine via the urethra or ureter?
For bacterial culture
Catheterized
What is the most sterile method for collecting urine directly from the bladder?
Suprapubic aspiration
What tool is used for pediatric urine specimen collection?
Soft, plastic bag with adhesive
What are the three portions of urine collected in the 3-glass technique?
1) First portion, 2) Middle portion (control), 3) After prostatic massage
What indicates prostatitis in the 3-glass technique?
WBC and bacteria in the 3rd specimen is 10x greater than the 1st
What is the 2nd specimen in the 3-glass technique used for?
Control for bladder and kidney infection
What does a positive 2nd glass in the 3-glass technique indicate?
UTI and 3rd specimen is invalid
What is the name of the four-glass method for prostatitis?
Stamey-Meares Test
What are the components of the Stamey-Meares test?
VB1 (bacterial culture), VB2 (midstream), VB3 (prostatic secretions), Post-prostatic massage urine
What specimen in the Stamey-Meares test is used to test for urethral infection?
VB1
What specimen in the Stamey-Meares test is used to test for urinary bladder infection?
VB2
What is considered an abnormal result for prostatic secretion in the Stamey-Meares test?
10 to 20 WBC per HPF
What is collected during a 24-hour timed urine specimen?
First morning urine is discarded, last collection is the first morning urine the next day
What is the duration of the Addis count quantitation timed specimen?
12 hours
For nitrite determination, how long should urine remain in the bladder before voiding?
4 hours
What process ensures proper sample identification from collection to results?
Chain of Custody
What is the required urine volume for drug testing?
30-45 mL
What is the container capacity for drug testing?
60 mL
What is the acceptable temperature range for drug testing within 4 minutes?
32.5 to 37.7 °C
What is added to toilet water to prevent urine specimen adulteration?
Blueing agent
What adulteration indicators are checked in urine drug testing?
pH > 9; S.G < 1.005
What features should urine containers have?
Wide base, opening of at least 4 cm
How much volume should a 24-hour urine container hold?
3L and may be colored for light-sensitive analytes
What happens if urine is added before the start of a 24-hour urine collection period?
False increased results
What happens if urine is not included at the end of a 24-hour urine collection?
False decreased results
When UA and culture are both requested, which is performed first?
Culture before UA
