Section 1 After Lecture Questions Flashcards
What are our natural barriers against infection?
Skin, tears, coughing/sneezing, vomiting/diarrhea, etc.
How do innate immune cells work?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
How do innate cells recognize pathogens?
Specific molecules on the pathogen that do not occur on host cells
What are the two components of the adaptive immune system?
Humoral and cell-mediated
What do the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems do?
Humoral – produce antibodies to fight extracellular infections
Cell-mediated immunity – fight intracellular infections through communication with a damaged host cell
Which cells are damaged, that begin the inflammatory process?
Endothelial cells
What cell fragments are involved in clotting?
Platelets, which are cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes in bone.
What cells cause vasodilation and allow immune cells to exit the blood?
Mast cells; also involved in allergic response (sneeze, watery eyes and nose)
What are the first types of innate cells that respond to an infection?
Granulocytes, especially neutrophils – phagocytosis and reactive oxygen killing
What cells are phagocytes and antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages (dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, etc)
What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?
Lymphocytes
What cells are involved in wound healing?
Fibroblasts
What does a lymphatic vessel look like?
Thin wall, one-way valves
What is lymph composed of?
Water, protein, white blood cells, bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, cell debris
What moves the lymphatic fluid and where does it go?
Skeletal muscular contractions; bathes interstitial tissue, back to heart
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
Clean interstitial tissue, bring infectious/neoplastic debris to secondary lymphoid organ
List and describe the functions of the primary lymphoid organs.
Bone marrow – produce immune cells; thymus – mature T lymphocytes
What are the secondary lymphoid organs and what do they do?
Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix, BALT/GALT/NALT.
They are the sites of the adaptive immune response.
What is a follicle? PALS? A germinal center?
- Collection of B cells. T cells lining vessels in spleen. Activated B cells.
What are the 3 complement pathways?
Classical, alternate, lectin-binding mannose
What initiates each of these pathways?
Classical – Ab binding to microbe; alternate – spontaneous; lectin-binding mannose – L-M.
Where do all three pathways converge? What is the end result of complement activation?
C3; MAC
What are the main functions of complement?
Cell lysis, opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, disposal of waste, regulate immune response.
Which by-products induce chemotaxis? Mast cell degranulation? Smooth muscle contraction?
C5a>C3a>C4a are anaphylatoxins – smooth muscle contraction, histamine release, increased vascular permeability, chemoattraction, inflammation.
Which by-products induce opsonization?
C3b, C4b
What is the name of the group of molecules that helps to regulate complement activation?
Complement control proteins; they act on complement convertases
What is the most common complement deficiency and what disease is associated with this? What body parts are most commonly affected?
C1 inhibitor; hereditary angioedema
