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MABS Immunology > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

briefly describe the hierarchy that makes up the types of immunity

A

immunity divided into innate and acquired with acquired further divided to passive and active immunity with each having natural and artificial immunity

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2
Q

this type of immunity is geared toward inborn and genetic factors

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

this type of immunity is a response made by the host. Composed of T cells and antibody

A

active immunity

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4
Q

this type of immunity is one in which responses are “pre-made”. Composed of antibodies

A

passive immunity

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5
Q

this is a type of acquired immunity that has its own antibodies

A

active immunity

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6
Q

this is a type of acquired immunity that has ready made antibodies from other sources

A

artificial immunity

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7
Q

this type of active immunity takes effect when there is exposure to an infectious agent

A

natural active immunity

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8
Q

this type of active immunity is used for immunization and when Ags introduced into the body equals vaccination

A

artificial active immunity

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9
Q

this is a type of passive immunization in which maternal antibodies are used in an immune response like Abs being passed from mother to child

A

natural passive immunity

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10
Q

this is a type of passive immunization in which antibodies are from other sources and Abs is introduced into the body

A

artificial passive immunity

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11
Q

infection is what type of immunity mounted response

A

natural active

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12
Q

vaccination is what type of mounted response

A

artificial active

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13
Q

transplacental breast milk is what type of mounted response

A

natural passive

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14
Q

injection of immune system is what type of mounted response

A

artificial passive

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15
Q

why do we need passive immunity?

A

protection for immunocompromised

infants have no prior exposure to antigens or mature immune systems

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16
Q

Name the three types of natural passive immunity?

A

transplacental (IgG)
colostrum (IgG, IgA, IgM)
FcRn (neonatal receptor in placenta and intestine that transfers Ab into circulation)

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17
Q

the level of immunity for a baby is at its lowest point around this time its development?

A

6 months

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18
Q

artificial passive immunity types?

A 
virus neutralization
environmental venom
bacterial toxin
autoimmune disease
terms used also: immunoprophylaxis and antidote
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19
Q

immunity from infection is what type of immune response? this provides what two functions?

A

natural active immunity

protection from reinfection
boosted immunity from subsequent exposure

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20
Q

vaccine induced immunity is what type of immunity?

A

artificial active immunity

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21
Q

vaccine induced immunity goal?

A

induction of sustained immune responses that protect against infection

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22
Q

vaccine induced immunity mechanism?

A

induction of Ab with enough CD4(strong humoral)/CD8 T(cleans up infection) cell response

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23
Q

vaccine induced immunity factors to consider, 3 types?

A

timing- infant, adult, senior
immunocompetence of recipient- pregnancy, illness, meds
route- parenteral (intramuscular, intradermal), mucosal

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24
Q

what is important in terms of pediatric timing and why the timing is important for immunization of pediatric patients?

A

delay until > 2 months

time to develop an immune response required between doses

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25
Q

the immunology of pediatric immunization has these two points to consider

A

immaturity of the immune system

maternal Ab protects but limits ability of pediatric patient to develop immunogenicity

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26
Q

what is the Prime boost strategy?

A

repeated exposure by infection or immunization increases the magnitude of protective immunity

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27
Q

what does prime mean in the prime boost strategy?

A

one’s primary or first exposure to an antigen whether by natural infection or by vaccination

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28
Q

what does boost mean in the prime boost strategy?

A

second infection; it increases the effectiveness of the immune response due to memory from the adaptive immunity

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29
Q

what factors do we consider for immunocompetence and immunization?

A

age, pregnancy, immunosuppressed and allergies

30
Q

how are most immunizations given? what does this induce?

A

parenterally

IgG and cell mediated immunity and little IgA

31
Q

Salk and Sabin are what type of vaccines?

A

Polio

32
Q

this polio vaccine consists of IM injection of killed virus, induces good serum IgG, IgM, and IgA but no mucosal IgA

A

The Salk Vaccine (IPV)

33
Q

this polio vaccine is consists of oral administration of live-attenuated virus. Induced good serum IgG, IgM, and IgA, but also induced good mucosal IgA (nasal and duodenal).

A

The Sabin vaccine (OPV)

34
Q

OPV, Rotavirus route of administration

A

oral immunization

35
Q

DTaP, DT, Hep B, IPV, Hib, PCV-7

A

intramuscular immunization

36
Q

Measles and Yellow Fever

A

subcutaneous immunization

37
Q

BCG

A

intradermal immunization

38
Q

what factors should we be mindful about when it comes to precautions and failures in vaccination?

A

target audience

immunocompetence (Age, Immune status, Type of immunity)

39
Q

what are the four components of vaccines?

A

antigens
platforms
evaluation technologies
adjuvants/formulations

40
Q

this enhances the immune response generated to an antigen but not immunogenic by itself but helps the vaccine to become immunogenic?

A

adjuvant

41
Q

what are the mechanism of actions for adjuvants?

A

enhanced delivery of antigen

potentiation of immunity

42
Q

TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists; cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 GM-CSF) is what type of adjuvant?

A

immunologic adjuvant

43
Q

pathogen has been weakened to make less virulent, but can still actively infect target cells

A

live attenuated vaccine

44
Q

pathogen has been made non-infectious by heat or chemical inactivation

A

killed or inactivated vaccine

45
Q

what are the two types of vaccine strategies for whole organisms?

A

live attenuated

killed or inactivated vaccine

46
Q

BCG
cholera
antibody response
type of vaccine?

A

live attenuated

47
Q 
polio
rabies
bacterial
rotavirus
antibody and cell mediated immune response
type of vaccine?
A

killed or inactivated

48
Q

this type of vaccine is a modification of toxin to toxoid

A

subunit vaccine

49
Q

this type of vaccine treats tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, DTaP and mounts antibody response

A

subunit vaccine

50
Q

this is a type of vaccine in which an antigen with low immunogenicity (bacterial polysaccharide, drug) is linked (i.e. conjugated) to a more immunogenic protein (carrier or from same bacteria).

A

conjugate vaccine

51
Q

this type of vaccine treats Haemophilus
influenzae
pneumococcus
meningococcus

mounts a Helper T cell dependent antibody response

A

conjugate vaccines

52
Q

this type of vaccine utilizes a pathogen molecule that is chemically synthesized or expressed then administered. Requires an adjuvant or special process

A

synthetic or recombinant vaccine

53
Q

this is a vaccine that treats hepatitis and HPV

antibody response

A

synthetic or recombinant vaccine

54
Q

this vaccine utilizes a pathogen that is of low pathogenicity without causing the disease of its own, the gene of interest is inserted into the vector then administerd

A

vector vaccine

55
Q

this vaccine can be viral or vector based and treats HIV antigen and canary pox

cell mediated and humoral immune response

A

vector vaccine

56
Q

this vaccine utilizes a DNA segment encoding the antigen of interest and then constructed in a plasmid and under control of a promoter that generates high production of the vaccine antigen

A

DNA vaccine

57
Q

this vaccine is under clinical trials

cell mediated and humoral immune response

A

DNA vaccine

58
Q

what makes a good bacterial vaccine?

A

conjugate the weak Ag (capsule polysaccharide – CPS) to a strong Ag (tetanus or diphtheria toxoid – TT or DT, flagellin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, LPS)

Toxins and attachment/motility factors (flagella, pili, fimbriae) are good antigens, but polysaccharide capsules are not very immunogenic.

A major challenge – induction of protective immunity against the poorly immunogenic capsule found on many bacteria

59
Q

name the vaccine based on the following:

mass drug administration (MDA) programs

New vaccine technologies are being applied

A

parasitic vaccines

60
Q

name the vaccine off the following:

Obligate intracellular organism

Induction of humoral immunity (antibody) is generally not sufficient.

A

viral vaccine

61
Q

what is the purpose of immunopharmacology?

A

to understand how the mechanism of the drug effects the immune response and the effect of the modulated immune response on the disease

62
Q

increase the magnitude or duration of an immune response or alter the composition to enhance protection against disease

A

immunopotentiation

63
Q

– stimulate host immunity to identify, reject, and destroy tumors. Examples:
Ipilimumab – first in class drug (checkpoint inhibitor); anti-CTLA4 MAb; reverses immunosuppression induced by metastatic melanoma cells
IFN-α – approved for treatment of melanoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, chronic HBV/HCV infection, and several hematologic cancers

A

Cancer immunotherapy

64
Q

use DCs to activate a cytotoxic response against an antigen. For example:
DCs are removed from patient and pulsed with an antigen; Ag presentation and DC maturation is triggered; activated DCs are re-infused into patient

A

DC-based immunotherapy

65
Q

amplify existing Ag-specific T cells or generate new ones. For example:
Lymphocytes are removed from patient, T cells are isolated and treated with Ag and IL-2, then given back to patient

A

T cell-based immunotherapy

66
Q

reduce the activation or efficacy of immune responses

A

immunosuppression

67
Q

what is important to note about pediatric immunization schedule?

A

Most are delayed until >2 months so maternal immunity can begin to wane

Repeated dosing is needed due to immaturity of the infant immune system

Time is needed between doses to allow development of an immune response

68
Q

points to note on adult immunization?

A

1-2 doses 40+ years
tetanus every 10 years; flu vaccine annually
serology check, Hep B titers
Live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated

69
Q

this vaccine was recalled in 1999 due to cases of intussusception in children

A

Rotashield

70
Q

too many vaccines, too much antigen → weakened immune system or misdirected immune responses

A

vaccine overload

71
Q

the increased rates of asthma and allergies are because our immune systems are “trying to find something to do” and react to environmental substances in the absence of pathogenic exposures.

A

hygiene hypothesis

MABS Immunology (23 decks)

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