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MABS Immunology > Lecture 28 > Flashcards

Lecture 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

briefly describe the hierarchy that makes up the types of immunity

A

immunity divided into innate and acquired with acquired further divided to passive and active immunity with each having natural and artificial immunity

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2
Q

this type of immunity is geared toward inborn and genetic factors

A

innate immunity

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3
Q

this type of immunity is a response made by the host. Composed of T cells and antibody

A

active immunity

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4
Q

this type of immunity is one in which responses are “pre-made”. Composed of antibodies

A

passive immunity

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5
Q

this is a type of acquired immunity that has its own antibodies

A

active immunity

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6
Q

this is a type of acquired immunity that has ready made antibodies from other sources

A

artificial immunity

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7
Q

this type of active immunity takes effect when there is exposure to an infectious agent

A

natural active immunity

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8
Q

this type of active immunity is used for immunization and when Ags introduced into the body equals vaccination

A

artificial active immunity

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9
Q

this is a type of passive immunization in which maternal antibodies are used in an immune response like Abs being passed from mother to child

A

natural passive immunity

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10
Q

this is a type of passive immunization in which antibodies are from other sources and Abs is introduced into the body

A

artificial passive immunity

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11
Q

infection is what type of immunity mounted response

A

natural active

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12
Q

vaccination is what type of mounted response

A

artificial active

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13
Q

transplacental breast milk is what type of mounted response

A

natural passive

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14
Q

injection of immune system is what type of mounted response

A

artificial passive

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15
Q

why do we need passive immunity?

A

protection for immunocompromised

infants have no prior exposure to antigens or mature immune systems

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16
Q

Name the three types of natural passive immunity?

A

transplacental (IgG)
colostrum (IgG, IgA, IgM)
FcRn (neonatal receptor in placenta and intestine that transfers Ab into circulation)

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17
Q

the level of immunity for a baby is at its lowest point around this time its development?

A

6 months

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18
Q

artificial passive immunity types?

A 
virus neutralization
environmental venom
bacterial toxin
autoimmune disease
terms used also: immunoprophylaxis and antidote
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19
Q

immunity from infection is what type of immune response? this provides what two functions?

A

natural active immunity

protection from reinfection
boosted immunity from subsequent exposure

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20
Q

vaccine induced immunity is what type of immunity?

A

artificial active immunity

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21
Q

vaccine induced immunity goal?

A

induction of sustained immune responses that protect against infection

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22
Q

vaccine induced immunity mechanism?

A

induction of Ab with enough CD4(strong humoral)/CD8 T(cleans up infection) cell response

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23
Q

vaccine induced immunity factors to consider, 3 types?

A

timing- infant, adult, senior
immunocompetence of recipient- pregnancy, illness, meds
route- parenteral (intramuscular, intradermal), mucosal

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24
Q

what is important in terms of pediatric timing and why the timing is important for immunization of pediatric patients?

A

delay until > 2 months

time to develop an immune response required between doses

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25
the immunology of pediatric immunization has these two points to consider
immaturity of the immune system maternal Ab protects but limits ability of pediatric patient to develop immunogenicity
26
what is the Prime boost strategy?
repeated exposure by infection or immunization increases the magnitude of protective immunity
27
what does prime mean in the prime boost strategy?
one’s primary or first exposure to an antigen whether by natural infection or by vaccination
28
what does boost mean in the prime boost strategy?
second infection; it increases the effectiveness of the immune response due to memory from the adaptive immunity
29
what factors do we consider for immunocompetence and immunization?
age, pregnancy, immunosuppressed and allergies
30
how are most immunizations given? what does this induce?
parenterally IgG and cell mediated immunity and little IgA
31
Salk and Sabin are what type of vaccines?
Polio
32
this polio vaccine consists of IM injection of killed virus, induces good serum IgG, IgM, and IgA but no mucosal IgA
The Salk Vaccine (IPV)
33
this polio vaccine is consists of oral administration of live-attenuated virus. Induced good serum IgG, IgM, and IgA, but also induced good mucosal IgA (nasal and duodenal).
The Sabin vaccine (OPV)
34
OPV, Rotavirus route of administration
oral immunization
35
DTaP, DT, Hep B, IPV, Hib, PCV-7
intramuscular immunization
36
Measles and Yellow Fever
subcutaneous immunization
37
BCG
intradermal immunization
38
what factors should we be mindful about when it comes to precautions and failures in vaccination?
target audience | immunocompetence (Age, Immune status, Type of immunity)
39
what are the four components of vaccines?
antigens platforms evaluation technologies adjuvants/formulations
40
this enhances the immune response generated to an antigen but not immunogenic by itself but helps the vaccine to become immunogenic?
adjuvant
41
what are the mechanism of actions for adjuvants?
enhanced delivery of antigen | potentiation of immunity
42
TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 agonists; cytokines (IL-2, IL-12 GM-CSF) is what type of adjuvant?
immunologic adjuvant
43
pathogen has been weakened to make less virulent, but can still actively infect target cells
live attenuated vaccine
44
pathogen has been made non-infectious by heat or chemical inactivation
killed or inactivated vaccine
45
what are the two types of vaccine strategies for whole organisms?
live attenuated | killed or inactivated vaccine
46
BCG cholera antibody response type of vaccine?
live attenuated
47
``` polio rabies bacterial rotavirus antibody and cell mediated immune response type of vaccine? ```
killed or inactivated
48
this type of vaccine is a modification of toxin to toxoid
subunit vaccine
49
this type of vaccine treats tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, DTaP and mounts antibody response
subunit vaccine
50
this is a type of vaccine in which an antigen with low immunogenicity (bacterial polysaccharide, drug) is linked (i.e. conjugated) to a more immunogenic protein (carrier or from same bacteria).
conjugate vaccine
51
this type of vaccine treats Haemophilus influenzae pneumococcus meningococcus mounts a Helper T cell dependent antibody response
conjugate vaccines
52
this type of vaccine utilizes a pathogen molecule that is chemically synthesized or expressed then administered. Requires an adjuvant or special process
synthetic or recombinant vaccine
53
this is a vaccine that treats hepatitis and HPV antibody response
synthetic or recombinant vaccine
54
this vaccine utilizes a pathogen that is of low pathogenicity without causing the disease of its own, the gene of interest is inserted into the vector then administerd
vector vaccine
55
this vaccine can be viral or vector based and treats HIV antigen and canary pox cell mediated and humoral immune response
vector vaccine
56
this vaccine utilizes a DNA segment encoding the antigen of interest and then constructed in a plasmid and under control of a promoter that generates high production of the vaccine antigen
DNA vaccine
57
this vaccine is under clinical trials cell mediated and humoral immune response
DNA vaccine
58
what makes a good bacterial vaccine?
conjugate the weak Ag (capsule polysaccharide – CPS) to a strong Ag (tetanus or diphtheria toxoid – TT or DT, flagellin, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, LPS) Toxins and attachment/motility factors (flagella, pili, fimbriae) are good antigens, but polysaccharide capsules are not very immunogenic. A major challenge – induction of protective immunity against the poorly immunogenic capsule found on many bacteria
59
name the vaccine based on the following: mass drug administration (MDA) programs New vaccine technologies are being applied
parasitic vaccines
60
name the vaccine off the following: Obligate intracellular organism Induction of humoral immunity (antibody) is generally not sufficient.
viral vaccine
61
what is the purpose of immunopharmacology?
to understand how the mechanism of the drug effects the immune response and the effect of the modulated immune response on the disease
62
increase the magnitude or duration of an immune response or alter the composition to enhance protection against disease
immunopotentiation
63
– stimulate host immunity to identify, reject, and destroy tumors. Examples: Ipilimumab – first in class drug (checkpoint inhibitor); anti-CTLA4 MAb; reverses immunosuppression induced by metastatic melanoma cells IFN-α – approved for treatment of melanoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, chronic HBV/HCV infection, and several hematologic cancers
Cancer immunotherapy
64
use DCs to activate a cytotoxic response against an antigen. For example: DCs are removed from patient and pulsed with an antigen; Ag presentation and DC maturation is triggered; activated DCs are re-infused into patient
DC-based immunotherapy
65
amplify existing Ag-specific T cells or generate new ones. For example: Lymphocytes are removed from patient, T cells are isolated and treated with Ag and IL-2, then given back to patient
T cell-based immunotherapy
66
reduce the activation or efficacy of immune responses
immunosuppression
67
what is important to note about pediatric immunization schedule?
Most are delayed until >2 months so maternal immunity can begin to wane Repeated dosing is needed due to immaturity of the infant immune system Time is needed between doses to allow development of an immune response
68
points to note on adult immunization?
1-2 doses 40+ years tetanus every 10 years; flu vaccine annually serology check, Hep B titers Live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated
69
this vaccine was recalled in 1999 due to cases of intussusception in children
Rotashield
70
too many vaccines, too much antigen → weakened immune system or misdirected immune responses
vaccine overload
71
the increased rates of asthma and allergies are because our immune systems are “trying to find something to do” and react to environmental substances in the absence of pathogenic exposures.
hygiene hypothesis

MABS Immunology (23 decks)

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