lecture 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hypersensitivity?

A

an abnormal immune response not necessarily pathogenic, but also not hyper

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2
Q

Type I-IV hypersensitivity involves what?

A

the first three involve antibodies and the last one is cell mediated

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3
Q

what is Type I hypersensitivity known for?

A

its known as classical allergy

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4
Q

this is a disorder of the immune system caused by harmless environmental substance known as an allergen

A

classical allergy

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5
Q

what is atopy?

A

when a person displays eczema, allergic rhinitis(hay fever), and allergic asthma(lower lung allergy) or all of them with genetic predisposition

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6
Q

how is TIH mediated?

A

IgE mediated, classic allergy

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7
Q

how is TIIH mediated?

A

IgG/IgM mediated, cell lysis

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8
Q

how is TIIIH mediated?

A

IgG mediated, immune complexes

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9
Q

how is TIVH mediated?

A

T cell, delayed type hypersensitivity`

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10
Q

what are the forms of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

skin contact, inhalation, ingestion, injection

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11
Q

for allergic symptoms to occur what must be necessary?

A

environmental variables and genetic susceptibility(polymorphisms in the MHC regions)

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12
Q

what effect on genetics impacts allergic reaction?

A

gene clusters of alleles, gene mutations, epigenetic modification

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13
Q

common allergens associated with TIH?

A

plant pollen, food, drugs, animal products

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of allergens?

A

small MW metabolically active proteins and mucosal exposure

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15
Q

sequence of events in TIH?

A

TLR, IgE production, mast cells, and repeat exposure (degranulation of mast cells leading to allergic symptoms (coughing, sneezing, SOB, runny eyes and nose)

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16
Q

what are the features of inhaled allergens that drive the IgE response?

A
molecular type
function
low dose
low molecular mass
high solubility
high stability
peptides bind to MHC II
17
Q

what two factors lead to a high risk for allergies?

A

genes and clean environment

18
Q

what are the products of mast cells?

A
enzymes
toxic mediators
cytokines
chemokines
lipid mediators
19
Q

name the main products released by mast cells?

A

histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and enzymes

20
Q

effects of histamine?

A

bronchial SM constriction, constricts intestine, vasodilation

21
Q

chemotaxis, bronchoconstrict, vasodilate and mucous are the effects of mast cell product?

A

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

22
Q

this product of mast cells breaks down connective tissue?

23
Q

main function of eosinophils?

end result?

A

phagocytosis and release digestive enzymes and ROS

chronic inflammation and tissue damage with persistent attempts to heal via fibrosis

24
Q

what are the Type I allergy reactions?

A

contact allergic reactions, respiratory allergies, food allergies

25
mild and severe reactions of contact allergic reactions?
mild: urticaria, eczema, tenderness and hives severe: anaphylaxis
26
mild and severe reactions of respiratory allergies?
mild: rhinoconjunctivitis, itching, runny nose, asthma and sinusitis severe: anaphylaxis
27
mild and severe reactions of food allergies?
mild: vomiting, diarrhea severe: anaphylaxis
28
4 major changes seen in asthma?
edema inflammation mucus production bronchoconstriction
29
4 potential ways loss of tolerance can lead to food allergies?
anti CD3 antibodies alpha beta chains of TCR cross presentation cytokines, ICs, immunoregulatory compounds
30
what are the examples of immunotherapies?
subcutaneous sublingual immune tolerance systemic immunotherapies
31
this therapy can be administered to the patient at home?
sublingual patient friendly, safer and effective as allergy shots
32
this therapy is ineffective when you stop injections and so symptoms reappear?
intravenous immunoglobulins
33
what happens after receiving allergy shots over a period of time?
iso class type switching from IgE to IgG and allergies disappear
34
what is the most successful management for unresponsive allergic reactions?
remove the allergen
35
how can anaphylaxis be treated?
in the early phase
36
sweating, impending sense of doom and itching are s/s of what?
anaphylaxis
37
benefits of epi?
increases BP, vasodilate the bronchials, slows degranulation
38
successful treatment of anaphylaxis includes?
IV, O2, supine, antihistamines, glucagon, and epipen