lecture 30

Question 1

what is hypersensitivity?

Answer 1

an abnormal immune response not necessarily pathogenic, but also not hyper

Question 2

Type I-IV hypersensitivity involves what?

Answer 2

the first three involve antibodies and the last one is cell mediated

Question 3

what is Type I hypersensitivity known for?

Answer 3

its known as classical allergy

Question 4

this is a disorder of the immune system caused by harmless environmental substance known as an allergen

Answer 4

classical allergy

Question 5

what is atopy?

Answer 5

when a person displays eczema, allergic rhinitis(hay fever), and allergic asthma(lower lung allergy) or all of them with genetic predisposition

Question 6

how is TIH mediated?

Answer 6

IgE mediated, classic allergy

Question 7

how is TIIH mediated?

Answer 7

IgG/IgM mediated, cell lysis

Question 8

how is TIIIH mediated?

Answer 8

IgG mediated, immune complexes

Question 9

how is TIVH mediated?

Answer 9

T cell, delayed type hypersensitivity`

Question 10

what are the forms of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 10

skin contact, inhalation, ingestion, injection

Question 11

for allergic symptoms to occur what must be necessary?

Answer 11

environmental variables and genetic susceptibility(polymorphisms in the MHC regions)

Question 12

what effect on genetics impacts allergic reaction?

Answer 12

gene clusters of alleles, gene mutations, epigenetic modification

Question 13

common allergens associated with TIH?

Answer 13

plant pollen, food, drugs, animal products

Question 14

what are the characteristics of allergens?

Answer 14

small MW metabolically active proteins and mucosal exposure

Question 15

sequence of events in TIH?

Answer 15

TLR, IgE production, mast cells, and repeat exposure (degranulation of mast cells leading to allergic symptoms (coughing, sneezing, SOB, runny eyes and nose)

Question 16

what are the features of inhaled allergens that drive the IgE response?

Answer 16

molecular type
function
low dose
low molecular mass
high solubility
high stability
peptides bind to MHC II

Question 17

what two factors lead to a high risk for allergies?

Answer 17

genes and clean environment

Question 18

what are the products of mast cells?

Answer 18

enzymes
toxic mediators
cytokines
chemokines
lipid mediators

Question 19

name the main products released by mast cells?

Answer 19

histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and enzymes

Question 20

effects of histamine?

Answer 20

bronchial SM constriction, constricts intestine, vasodilation

Question 21

chemotaxis, bronchoconstrict, vasodilate and mucous are the effects of mast cell product?

Answer 21

leukotrienes and prostaglandins

Question 22

this product of mast cells breaks down connective tissue?

Answer 22

enzymes

Question 23

main function of eosinophils?

end result?

Answer 23

phagocytosis and release digestive enzymes and ROS

chronic inflammation and tissue damage with persistent attempts to heal via fibrosis

Question 24

what are the Type I allergy reactions?

Answer 24

contact allergic reactions, respiratory allergies, food allergies

Question 25

mild and severe reactions of contact allergic reactions?

Answer 25

mild: urticaria, eczema, tenderness and hives
severe: anaphylaxis

Question 26

mild and severe reactions of respiratory allergies?

Answer 26

mild: rhinoconjunctivitis, itching, runny nose, asthma and sinusitis
severe: anaphylaxis

Question 27

mild and severe reactions of food allergies?

Answer 27

mild: vomiting, diarrhea
severe: anaphylaxis

Question 28

4 major changes seen in asthma?

Answer 28

edema
inflammation
mucus production
bronchoconstriction

Question 29

4 potential ways loss of tolerance can lead to food allergies?

Answer 29

anti CD3 antibodies
alpha beta chains of TCR
cross presentation
cytokines, ICs, immunoregulatory compounds

Question 30

what are the examples of immunotherapies?

Answer 30

subcutaneous
sublingual
immune tolerance
systemic immunotherapies

Question 31

this therapy can be administered to the patient at home?

Answer 31

sublingual

patient friendly, safer and effective as allergy shots

Question 32

this therapy is ineffective when you stop injections and so symptoms reappear?

Answer 32

intravenous immunoglobulins

Question 33

what happens after receiving allergy shots over a period of time?

Answer 33

iso class type switching from IgE to IgG and allergies disappear

Question 34

what is the most successful management for unresponsive allergic reactions?

Answer 34

remove the allergen

Question 35

how can anaphylaxis be treated?

Answer 35

in the early phase

Question 36

sweating, impending sense of doom and itching are s/s of what?

Answer 36

anaphylaxis

Question 37

benefits of epi?

Answer 37

increases BP, vasodilate the bronchials, slows degranulation

Question 38

successful treatment of anaphylaxis includes?

Answer 38

IV, O2, supine, antihistamines, glucagon, and epipen