lecture 33

Question 1

the process of taking tissue from one individual and placing them into a different individual

Answer 1

Graft

Question 2

the individual who provides the graft

Answer 2

Donor

Question 3

the individual who receives the graft

Answer 3

Recipient

Question 4

a graft placed into its normal anatomic location like when the skin (thigh to face) from one part is placed in another part

Answer 4

Orthotopic

Question 5

a graft placed into a different site than normal, like a kidney

Answer 5

Heterotopic

Question 6

the transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma from one individual to another

Answer 6

Blood transfusion

Question 7

same individuals like skin graft, vascular grafts

Answer 7

Autograft

Question 8

between genetically identical individuals, inbred animals or monozygotic twins

Answer 8

Isograft

Question 9

between allogenic individuals of the same species like friends

Answer 9

Allograft

Question 10

process of reactivity towards alloantigens or allograft

Answer 10

Alloreactive

Question 11

between different species

Answer 11

Xenograft

Question 12

antigens that elicit xenoreactivity

Answer 12

Xenoantigens

Question 13

process of reactivity towards xenoantigens

Answer 13

Xenoreactive

Question 14

antigens that are different between the donor and recipient, these are polymorphic proteins and are reacted against by T lymphocytes

Answer 14

Alloantigens

Question 15

proteins that elicit alloreaction and result in incompatibility

Answer 15

Histocompatibility antigens

Question 16

antigens that are very strong or dominant in eliciting the rejection reaction

Answer 16

Major histocompatibility antigens

Question 17

genes that encode the major histocompatibility antigens

Answer 17

Major histocompatibility complex

Question 18

weaker antigens that induce a slower more gradual rejection

Answer 18

Minor histocompatibility antigens

Question 19

highly polymorphic, inherited, carbohydrate or protein structure located on the surface of the RBC membrane

Answer 19

Blood group antigens

Question 20

a test used for tissue matching that involves beads coated with a defined MHC molecule, representative of the organ donor; if binding, it’s a no go

Answer 20

Panel reactive antibody test

Question 21

tissue matching test that determines if the patient has antibodies that react with donor’s cells; positive lysis indicates antibodies present and not recommended; cornea and liver does not need HLA matching

Answer 21

Cross matching test

Question 22

recipient T cells recognize intact, unprocessed MHC molecules in the graft

Answer 22

Direct presentation

Question 23

MHC molecules of the donor, allogenic, are captured and processed by the recipient APCs and peptides of the MHC are presented with self MHCs

Answer 23

Indirect presentation

Question 24

preformed antibodies reactive with vascular endothelium activate complement and trigger rapid intravascular thrombosis and necrosis of the vessel wall; begins within minutes

Answer 24

Hyperacute graft rejection

Question 25

a type of graft rejection mediated by an adaptive immune response, begins days to weeks, mediated by T cells that are reactive with alloantigens on endothelial cells in blood vessels and parenchymal cells leading to parenchymal cell damage and interstitial inflammation, endothelialitis, inflammatory nitrates and vasculitis

Answer 25

Acute graft rejection (cellular rejection)

Question 26

a type of graft rejection in which the Alloantibodies cause acute rejection by binding to alloantigens, mainly HLA molecules, on vascular endothelial cells, leading to endothelial injury and intravascular thrombosis that results in graft destruction; endothelitis; inflammatory cells in peritubular capillaries and complement C4d deposition in capillaries.

Answer 26

Acute graft rejection (antibody-mediated rejection)

Question 27

rejection of graft that takes months to years due to immunosuppressive drugs; damage to vessels, airways, and bile ducts; arterial occlusion results due to proliferation of smooth muscle and ischemic damage can happen

Answer 27

Chronic rejection

Question 28

proliferation of vascular smooth muscles by cytokines produced by chronically activated T cells

Answer 28

Graft vasculopathy

Question 29

mature t cells in the graft reject the host

Answer 29

Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

Question 30

characterized by epithelial cell death in the skin, liver, and GI tract, rich in HLA class I; seen with rash, jaundice, diarrhea and GI hemorrhage

Answer 30

Acute GVHD

Question 31

characterized by fibrosis and atrophy of one or more of the same organs, without evidence of cell death

Answer 31

Chronic GVHD

Question 32

grafts from other species, leads to hyperacute rejection and zoonotic disease

Answer 32

Xenotransplantation

Question 33

when the brain, eye, testes, placenta and fetus are protected to a degree from the immune response

Answer 33

Immune privilege