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GI > Secretion I > Flashcards

Secretion I Flashcards

1
Q

What are R- binders?

A
  • are proteins in the saliva that bind vitamin B12 and protect it from proteases in the stomach (pepsins)
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2
Q

What does ghrelin stimulate in the brain?

A

Neuro Peptide Y

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3
Q

Salivation is stimulated by

A

PNS – facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, NOT the vagus! Control by:

  • autonomic: [parasymp: ACh, VIP] [sympath: beta and alpha adrenergics (NE)]
  • central NS: afferents/efferents to salivary nucleus
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4
Q

What stimulates ghrelin?

A

empty stomach

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5
Q

What does NYP do?

A

Stimulates hunger

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6
Q

Where is ghrelin secreted from?

A

epsilon cells of the pancreas and P/D1 cells of the fundus

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7
Q

What is released when chyme enters the duodenum and upper jejunum?

A

Peptide YY and GLP-1

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8
Q

What does peptide YY and GLP-1 do?

A

suppress NPY

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9
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Suppresses NPY

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10
Q

What produces saliva?

A

Parotid glands, submaxillary glands, sublingual glands

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11
Q

What is in serous fluid?

A

amylase, R-binders

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12
Q

What is very important and limiting to the production of saliva?

A

Blood flow to the salivary gland

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13
Q

What is responsible for reclamation of electrolytes from the acinar excretions?

A

Striated and excretory duct cells

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14
Q

Is saliva hypo or hyper tonic compared to blood plasma?

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

What ion is in higher concentraiton in saliva than it is in the plasma?

A

K+

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16
Q

What is secreted from the tounge?

A

Lingual lipase

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17
Q

What PNS controls salivary function?

A

Glossopharyngeal and facial nerves

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18
Q

What function do SNS nerves have in the production of saliva?

A

Very small contribution in helping the acinar ducts constrict and spurt out their contents

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19
Q

What do glands in the esophagus do?

A

Produce some mucin

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20
Q

What produces HCl in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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21
Q

What produces Intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

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22
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

Helps bind B12 protecting it from proteases

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23
Q

What produces pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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24
Q

What % of digestion is done pre-duodenally?

A

25-30%

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25
Q

What produces gastrin?

A

G cells

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26
Q

Where are G cells located?

A

in the antrum

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27
Q

What role does gastrin play in the stomach?

A

Secretagogue for HCl

28
Q

What stimulates gastrin production?

A

Chyme in the stomach

29
Q

What produces lipase?

A

The tongue, Chief cells, pancreas

30
Q

What is somatostatin’s role in the stomach?

A

suppresses production of HCl

31
Q

What is the role of Histamine in the stomach

A

Secretogogue for HCl

32
Q

What are three roles of mucus?

A

Protection, lubrication and attracts bicarb

33
Q

Where are parietal cells located?

A

Only in the body of the stomach

34
Q

What are the channels in the PM of the parietal cells called?

A

Canaliculi

35
Q

What is the rate limiting step to acid production in the stomach

A

How many H+ pumps there are

36
Q

How does gastrin help increase acid production?

A

It sitmulates the upregulation of H+ pumps to the cell surface of parietal cells

37
Q

What is pumped into the capilaries for every H+ exported to the lumen of the stomach?

A

A bicarb ion

38
Q

What keeps H+ out of the basolaminar side of the parietal cells?

A

tight junction

39
Q

What is imported in exchange for H+ excretion?

A

K+

40
Q

Why would there be a slight increase in K+ in the lumen of the stomach?

A

Some would start to come out fo the parietal cell as the intracellular concentrations rose

41
Q

What happens to the gastric concentration of Na+ on Gastrin stimulation?

A

It goes down

42
Q

What happens to the gastric concentration of Cl- upon Gastrin Stimulation?

A

Goes up

43
Q

What causes 95% of gastric ulcers?

A

H. Pilori

44
Q

What does the H. Pilori bug do that causes ulcers?

A

neutralizes the acid in the stomach with urea which is toxic to the epithelial lining and disrupts the mucus layer allowing the low pH fluid to destroy the delitcate enetrocytes

45
Q

What stimulates HCl production?

A

PNS, Gastrin, histamine

46
Q

What supresses HCl production

A

SNS, somatostatin, GIP, Peptide YY, prostoglandins

47
Q

What produces mucus in the stomach?

A

Mucus Neck cells

48
Q

What is the main function of secretin?

A

To stimulate the secretion of pancreatic and duodenal buffers, as well as open CTFR channels

49
Q

What is CCK’s function?

A

To stimulate pancreatic enzymes, relax the sphincter of oddi, and induce contractions in the gall bladder.

50
Q

What are the two things GIP stands for?

A

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, and Glucose insulinotropic peptide

51
Q

What are the functions of GIP?

A

Decreases gastrin–>HCl, stimulates insulin secretion

52
Q

What induces the release of GIP?

A

macronuirents entering the duodenum

53
Q

Where and what secretes Gastrin?

A

G Cells in the pyloric antrum and duodenum

54
Q

Where and what secretes Secretin?

A

S cells in the duodenum

55
Q

Where and what secretes CCK?

A

I ells of the duodenum and Jejunum

56
Q

Where and what secretes GIP?

A

K cells of the duodenum and Jejunum

57
Q

Where and what secretes Motilin?

A

M cells of the duodenum

58
Q

Where and what secretes Peptide YY?

A

L cells of the terminal ilium and colon

59
Q

Where and what secretes Ghrelin?

A

P/D1 cells of the fundus and episolon cells of the pancreas

60
Q

What are the duodenal bound enzymes produced by the pancreas?

A

Trypsinogen, Chymotripsinogen, elastase, Pancreatic prolipase, ProCo-lipase, pancreatic amylase

61
Q

What activates Trypsinogen?

A

Enteropeptidase

62
Q

What secretes enteropeptidase?

A

Enterocytes in the duodenum

63
Q

What does the pancrease secrete in order to prevent trypsin from destroying the pancreas?

A

Trypsin inhibitor

64
Q

What induces secession of pancreatic secretions?

A

Lack of vegal stimulation, Peptide YY, Somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide

65
Q

how does the colon reabsorb water and nutrients from the chyme?

A

Na+ pumps

66
Q

What provides the slow wave function in the lower intestines?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal

67
Q

Saliva is always _____ to plasma, contains …..

A

hypotonic - remember O

alpha-amylase (starch digestion)

lingual lipase (lipid digestion)

R-binders

GI (40 decks)

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