Anatomy Clinical Correlates: Abdominal Region

Question 0

What is it called when the bladder and the umbilicus communicate?

Answer 0

urachal fistula (fluid leaks out umbilicus)

Question 1

Between which 2 muscles does the blood supply for the anterior and lateral abdominal wall run?

Answer 1

transversus abdominis muscle and internal abdominis oblique muscle

Question 2

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

Answer 2

a herniation of the abdominal contents through Hesselbach’s (Inguinal) triangle (Inferior epigastric artery, Lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle, inguinal ligament)

Question 3

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 3

a herniation of the abdominal contents lateral to Hesselbach’s (Inguinal) triangle (Inferior epigastric artery, Lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle, inguinal ligament)

Question 4

Which is more common: direct inguinal hernia or indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 4

indirect inguinal hernia

Question 5

Which is a surgical emergency: direct inguinal hernia or indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 5

indirect inguinal hernia

Question 6

Which is in the inguinal canal: direct inguinal hernia or indirect inguinal hernia?

Answer 6

indirect inguinal hernia

Question 7

What is a hydrocoele?

Answer 7

presence of excess fluid in a patent portion of the processus vaginalis

Question 8

Why does spermatic cord torsion warrant immediate surgery?

Answer 8

It cuts off the circulation to the testes, eventually leading to necrosis.

Question 9

Why is spermatic cord torsion considered a congenital anomaly?

Answer 9

The testes should be extremely well anchored, meaning that something went wrong with this process in development

Question 10

Why is spermatic cord torsion more common in winter?

Answer 10

Because the cremaster muscle is sensitive to temperature change. Rapid temperature change causes rapid contraction which can cause torsion

Question 11

Duodenal atresia is associated with what?

Answer 11

Chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy 21

Question 12

What is the condition of hypertrophy of the stomach muscles that causes projectile vomiting?

Answer 12

pyloric stenosis

Question 13

What is the condition called when the ventral pancreatic bud splits and wraps around the duodenum in development called?

Answer 13

annular pancreas

Question 14

Most ulcers occur in where: the stomach or the duodenum?

Answer 14

duodenum

Question 15

Are ulcers along the lesser curvature of the stomach most often benign or not?

Answer 15

benign

Question 16

Carcinomas of the gastroduodenal area most often metastasize to where?

Answer 16

the liver

Question 17

What structures belong to the foregut?

Answer 17

esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 18

What is a common cause of GI bleeds in children?

Answer 18

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Question 19

What portion of the bowel is most often involved in diseases such as Chron’s disease?

Answer 19

ileum

Question 20

Lymphoma of the bowel occurs most often in the ileum why?

Answer 20

Due to the large amounts of lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s Patches)

Question 21

Malrotation of the gut and midgut results in what?

Answer 21

excessively mobile intestines which can twist significantly causing a volvulus (obstruction, bleeding, loss of arterial supply)

Question 22

The persistence of the Vitelline duct that causes an outpouching on the distal ileum is called what?

Answer 22

Meckel’s Diverticulum

Question 23

What is an omphalomesenteric fistula?

Answer 23

When a Meckel’s Diverticulum communicates with the umbilicus. Feces can leak out.

Question 24

What is an omphalocoele?

Answer 24

A herniation of the abdominal contents through the umbilical ring due to failure of the midgut loop to return into the abdomen.(10th week)

Question 25

What is a gastroschisis?

Answer 25

Herniation of abdominal contents through abdominal wall due to incomplete fusion of the lateral folds (4th week)

Question 26

Which condition, omphalocoele or gastroschisis, results in the intestines being covered in the amniotic sac?

Answer 26

omphalocoele

Question 27

Which is more serious, omphalocoele or gastroschisis?

Answer 27

omphalocoele

Question 28

Congenital megacolon is also called what?

Answer 28

Hirschsprung Disease

Question 29

What causes Hirschsprung Disease?

Answer 29

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the colon.

Question 30

The dilation of the colon in Hirschsprung disease occurs proximal or distal to the sight of failed neural crest invasion?

Answer 30

proximal

Question 31

If due to portal hypertension, blood flow is redirected from the left gastric vein to the esophageal veins, what syndrome occurs?

Answer 31

Varices (dilated veins in the esophagus)

Question 32

If due to portal hypertension, blood flow is redirected from the superior rectal vein to the middle and inferior rectal veins, what syndrome can occur?

Answer 32

internal hemorrhoids (life threatening)

Question 33

If due to portal hypertension, blood flow is redirected from the paraumbilical vein to the superior and inferior epigastric veins, what syndrome occurs?

Answer 33

Caput Medusa (dilated paraumbilical veins)

Question 34

If due to portal hypertension, blood flow is redirected from the splenic vein to the left renal or colic veins, what syndrome occurs?

Answer 34

None

Question 35

Which of the 4 contributions to the diaphragm is involved if there is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 35

pleuroperitoneal membrane

Question 36

What is main deficit seen in congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

Answer 36

reduced development of the lungs due to the abdominal contents herniation into the pleural cavities.