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GI > Histology SDL 1: GI tract I - II > Flashcards

Histology SDL 1: GI tract I - II Flashcards

0
Q

GI organs have different functions, but same general _____

A

histological plan

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1
Q

All the regions of the GI Tract possess a…

A

lining epithelium that lines the lumen

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2
Q

lining epithelium of GIT may be ….

A

protective (esophagus), secretory (stomach), and/or absorptive (small intestine)

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3
Q

lamina propria

A

any connective tissue under a lining epithelium

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4
Q

Under the _______ , there is a region of muscle called the muscularis mucosa.

A

lamina propria

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5
Q

Region of muscle under lamina propria is called …

A

muscularis mucosa

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6
Q

Together, these three regions make up the lining mucus membrane:

A

lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa

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7
Q

connective tissue under muscularis mucosa is called….

A

submucosa.

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8
Q

What is the submucosa and where is it located?

A

a layer of connective tissue bw muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa

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9
Q

Outside of the submucosa is ___

A

a thick layer of muscle called Muscularis externa.

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10
Q

In the muscularis externa, there is an inner layer of muscle that is _____ and an outer layer that is _____

A

inner- circularly arranged outer - longitudinal

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11
Q

muscularis externa is responsible for …

A

peristaltic waves that move food through the GIT

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12
Q

Outside any GI organ, there are 2 things

A
  • adventitia- Connective tissue that’s continuous with connective tissue of the organs - serosa - more common, a thin slippery membrane that surrounds GIT.
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13
Q

serosa

A

consists of a single layer of squamous or cuboidal cells called the mesothelium, under which there is a variable amount of connective tissue.

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14
Q

What allows organs in the abdominal cavity to slide over one another without damaging each other?

A

slippery serosa

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15
Q

serosa may be connected to the body wall by ____

A

the mesentery

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16
Q

2 prominent nerve plexuses along the length of the GI tract that coordinate muscular contractions

A
  • Meissner’s Plexus (located in submucosa) - Auerbach’s or Myenteric Plexus (bw the layers of muscle in muscularis externa)
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17
Q

Glands that secrete into the lumen of the GI tract may be located

A
  • outside the tract (send ducts through wall of tract), ie. bile and pancreatic duct into duadonum. - in the lamina propria or the submuscosa of GIT
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18
Q

two kinds of modifications in the lining epithelium that inc luminal suraface area

A

-large folds that involve both the lining mucosa and submucosa (plicae, rugae) - smaller projections extending into lumen (intestinal villi)

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19
Q

Food is propelled along the esophagus (at a rate of ______) in two ways

A

-5 cm/sec - voluntary muscular action in the oral cavity followed by involuntary waves of muscle contraction (peristalsis) in the walls of the esophagus.

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20
Q

The esophagus is lined by ______

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that protects it from abrasive damage.

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21
Q

Layers of the esophagus

A

non-keratinized squamous epithelium–> lamina propria–> muscularis mucosa–> submucosa–> muscularis externa. Most of the esophagus is surrounded by an adventitia.

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22
Q

The muscularis externa is unique in the_____

A

esophagus.

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23
Q

What type of muscle will you find in the muscularis externa esophagus?

A
  • upper 1/3: skeletal muscle ONLY. But NOT voluntary - middle 1/3: BOTH smooth and skeletal muscle -lower third: smooth muscle ONLY.
24
Q

two types of glands in the esophagus

A

1) Submucosal Glands- found in submucosa, lubricate esophagus by secreting protective mucin. 2) Cardiac Glands- located in lamina propria of the lining mucosa at 2 sites: - junction of esophagus/stomach - bw the cricoid cartilage and fifth tracheal ring.

25
Q

What is the main function of the stomach?

A

-Digestion, breaking down food, for 3-4 hrs churns and mixes food with digestive enzyme to make chyme (semi-fluid)- very little absorption happens here.

26
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach?

A

very little absorption in the stomach, only absorbs water, alcohol, and some drugs.

27
Q

the 4 anatomical potions of the heart

A

cardiac portion, fundus, body and pyloric portion

28
Q

lining of the stomach appears

A

grayish pink. and has large longitudinal folds (Rugae)

29
Q

what are Rugae?

A

large folds in the inner lining of the stomach, run longitudinally, involve both mucosa and submucosa

30
Q

What are the Gastric pits?

A

thousands of little pits in the lining of the stomach, each pit is continuos with the glands that are deep in the lamina propria. through these pits Hcl and pepsinogen (gastric juices) are dumped into the lumen of the stomach

31
Q

Glands in the stomach never go into ______, stop at ____

A

submucosa, muscularis mucosa

32
Q

Name the Glands of the Stomach

A

cardiac region- cardiac glands. fundus and body- gastric or fundic glands. pyloric region-pyloric glands

33
Q

About ______ glands empty into each gastric pit

A

3-7

34
Q

Lining the surface of the stomach are _____ cells that extend into the gastric pit

A

tall columnar surface mucus cells

35
Q

surface mucus cells

A
  • tall columnar cells, line the surface of stomach, have mucin granules in their apical cytoplasm, mucin provides a protective coat over stomach surface.
36
Q

Cell division deep in the gastric pits replaces surface lining cells _____

A

every 3-4 days

37
Q

gastric glands are divided into three different regions

A
  • the mouth (the opening), the neck (the constricted region), and the base (the rest of the gland)
38
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

-endocrine cells found along the sides of gastric glands. - release their products into surrounding blood vessels of the lamina propria, NOT into the lumen of the gastric gland. - found in small intestine and stomach(aka argentaffin cells)

39
Q

Chief Cells

A

-pyramidal shaped, found mainly in the base of the gastric gland. - filled with RER and Golgi, are active zymogenic cells. - secrete proteolytic enzyme pepsinogen via exocytosis into the lumen.

40
Q

When pepsinogen reaches acidic environment of the _______ (pH of 2-3), it is cleaved into its active form, ____

A

stomach, pepsin

41
Q

Pepsin is important in….

A

breaking peptide bonds.

42
Q

Parietal Cell

A
  • roundish, filled with mitochondria and tubular vesicular elements (similar to SER). has deep invaginations called canaliculi, which are lined with microvilli. Because this cell is filled with membrane it is very eosinophilic (stains pink with H & E stain).
43
Q

parietal cell secrete

A

HCL, and the intrinsic factor that binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption

44
Q

Mucus Neck Cell

A

-confined to the neck region of the gastric gland, are frequently squeezed between parietal cells, and secrete an acetic mucin (vs. neutral mucin of the lining mucus cells).

45
Q

Distinct morphologies of cardiac and pyloric glands

A
  • cardiac glands- associated gastric pits are shallow and glands are relatively straight.
  • pyloric glands- associated with deep gastric pits and glands are coiled.
46
Q

The muscularis externa of the stomach is unique in that in addition to the inner circular layer and the outer longitudinal layer there is….

A

an inner oblique layer of muscle. - additional layer makes ME very thick and facilitates churning action of the stomach.

47
Q

stomach is surrounded by a _____ .

A

serosa

48
Q

Distinction between microvilli, villi and plicae circularis.

A

microvillus is on CELL surface. Villi are protrusions of a column of mucosa and lamina propria into the lumen of the SI.

Plicae circularis are much larger than villi (both are in SI)

49
Q

Brunners glands are a distinct feature of which part of the GIT?

A

– identifying feature of the duodenum, which has a large population of these mucus glands in the submucosa, deep to muscularis mucosa

50
Q

Brunner’s glands

A
  • recognize Brunner’s glands by highly branched tubules
  • release an alkaline mucin that neutralizes stomach acid
51
Q

SI secretes enzymes for digestion of ___

A

carbohydrates, lipid and protein

52
Q

4 ways that SI optimize absorption:

A
  • It’s long (20 ft)
  • Plicae circularis –large microscopic folds, involve mucosa and submucosa
  • SI also has small folds in the mucosa only called intestinal villi
  • Simple columnar absorptive cells of SI also contain dense microvilus brush borders

** All inc SA**

53
Q

Plicae circularis - what are they, and where can we find them?

A
  • large microscopic folds that inc SA of small intestine
  • these begin in duadonum, largest in jejunum and least visible in ilium.
  • Plicae involve mucosa and submucosa
54
Q

Muscularis externa of stomach is _____ than that of duodenum.

A

thicker! additional layer of muscle in stomach = inner oblique layer

55
Q

Distinct features of the cells lining the base region of gastric glands (found in ___ and ___ region)

A

(found in body and fundus region), major cell type:

  1. chief cells– “basophia” = purple
  2. Parietal (__oxynic__) cells- pink = Eosinophilic = abundance of membranes
56
Q

chief cells

A
  • typical zymogenic cells, truncated pyramid shape
  • filled with RER and golgi on basal cytoplasm (thus characterized as basophilic = purple)
  • leached out granules on apical cytoplism, secrete pepsinogen
57
Q

Parietal (oxynic) cells

A
  • More pink = Eosinophilic = abundance of membranes.
  • Rich in mitochondria and microvillus projections. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factors (bind B12)

GI (40 decks)

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