•Overview of the liver

Question 0

Liver functions

Answer 0

-regulation of protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism -regulation of cholesterol production and excretion -β-oxidation of fatty acids -bile acid production -degradation of hormones -detoxification and excretion of drugs and toxins -vitamin storage

Question 1

_____ of blood comes into the liver from the hepatic artery

Answer 1

450 ml/min

Question 2

_____ of blood comes into the liver from the portal vein

Answer 2

1 liter/min

Question 3

the pressure in the hepatic vein is under _____

Answer 3

1 mmHg

Question 4

interstitial space between parenchymal hepatocytes where lymph is secreted:

Answer 4

space of Disse

Question 5

canals that bile flows through:

Answer 5

bile canaliculi

Question 6

the hallmark obstructive liver disease is ____, which is characterized by ____

Answer 6

cirrhosis, scarring

Question 7

ascites formation

Answer 7

increased hepatic vein pressure —> pooling of blood in liver capillaries—> increased capillary hydrostatic pressure —> increased transudation of fluid from plasma and space of Disse into the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen forming ascites

Question 8

because lymphatics are also involved, in ascites, you get ____ in the fluid

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

if you have minor ascites, the _____ can absorb fluid to take care of it

Answer 9

greater omentum

Question 10

there is normally ____ of blood in the liver. In hepatomegaly, the liver can increase to ____

Answer 10

400 ml, 1 L

Question 11

jaundice

Answer 11

yellowing of skin and eyes from excess bilirubin in the blood

Question 12

bilirubin is a product of ___

Answer 12

RBC metabolism

Question 13

obstructive jaundice

Answer 13

obstruct the ability of bile to be made or secreted so it ends up in the blood instead- cirrhosis, gallstones, biliary atresia, cancer

Question 14

hepatic jaundice

Answer 14

can result from acute or chronic hepatitis, reduces the ability of the hepatic cells to metabolize bilirubin. ex. alcoholic hepatitis

Question 15

hemolytic jaundice

Answer 15

results from anything that increases hemolysis of RBC’s, so that bilirubin production increases faster than bile can excrete it

Question 16

neonatal jaundice

Answer 16

not usually pathologic, the GI tract is not mature enough/prepared to process the bilirubin and excrete it

Question 17

how does the liver function as a blood glucose monitor?

Answer 17

glycogen storage, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 18

what hormone stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 18

GIP

Question 19

the liver has ____ family glucose transporters which are insulin-_____, allowing for ____

Answer 19

GLUT2, insulin-independent, high capacity transport (can’t wait for insulin)

Question 20

if you didn’t have the liver, your blood glucose levels would be about ____ higher

Answer 20

3 times

Question 21

most lipoproteins are formed in the ___

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

what do HDL’s do?

Answer 22

ship lipids back to the liver for processing

Question 23

the liver converts unused carbs to ____

Answer 23

TG

Question 24

how does deamination of amino acids occur?

Answer 24

aminotransferases remove the amino group to an acceptor. It is transferred or released as ammonia.

Question 25

excess NH3 is removed by production of ____. How does this happen?

Answer 25

urea, NH3 combines with CO2

Question 26

___% of plasma proteins (i.e. ____) are made by the liver

Answer 26

90, albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

Question 27

what symptoms may occur if the liver can’t function?

Answer 27

ascites, jaundice, portal hypertension, bleeding/bruising, cognitive problems, weakness, nausea, cholestasis (reduced bile flow), acidosis