Lect 1: GI overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is found at the bottom opening of the stomach?

A

pyloric sphincter

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2
Q

Absorptive cells line the upper part of the villi and contain _________ which are necessary for the final digestion of proteins and carbohydrates, forming products that can be absorbed.

A

brush border enzymes

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3
Q

what is the product of the stomach called?

A

chyme

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4
Q

where is the common bile duct located?

A

the beginning of the duodenum

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5
Q

the majority of the contents of the chyme are absorbed by ____

A

mid jejunum

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6
Q

the small intenstine can histologically be distinguished from the large intestine and colon by:

A

the villus lining

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7
Q

the one-cell thick lining of the small intestines:

A

enterocytes

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8
Q

what are the two nerve plexuses that line the gi tract? what do they do?

A

myenteric (movement-mostly local), submucosal (secretion)

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9
Q

where is the submucosal plexus?

A

between the circular muscle and the submucosa

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10
Q

where is the myenteric plexus?

A

between the longitudinal and circular muscle

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11
Q

skeletal muscle in the GI tract is found at:

A

the mouth, upper esophagus and external anal sphincter

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12
Q

the internal area of a villus cells is known as a ____

A

crypt of Lieberkuhn

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13
Q

what is the first pass effect?

A

absorbed nutrients go into the portal veins which go directly through the liver.

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14
Q

most fats go into the ____, are dumped into the ____ and go through the _____ back to the ____

A

lymphatics, large vessels of the thoracic cavity, systemic circulation, liver to be processed

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15
Q

what are the functions of the GI tract?

A

DEEPMASS digestion, endocrine, elimination, protection, motility, absorption, secretion, storage

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16
Q

fluid intake is about ____

A

2 Liters/day

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17
Q

saliva secretion is about ____

A

1.5 liters/day

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18
Q

gastric secretions are about _____

A

2 liters/day

19
Q

bile secretion is about ___

A

.5 liters/day

20
Q

pancreatic juices secretion is about _____

A

1.5 liters/day

21
Q

intestinal buffers and secretions are about ____

A

1.5 liters/day

22
Q

on any given day, there are about ____ liters of fluid trunning through your tract

A

9-10

23
Q

the movement of fluids and gases in and out of the intestines can be heard as sounds called ____

A

borborygmi

24
Q

the small intestine absorbs about ______ of fluid a day

A

8.5 liters

25
Q

the colon absorbs about ____ of fluid a day

A

400 mL

26
Q

we excrete about ____ of water a day

A

100 mL

27
Q

parasympathetics in the GI tract are mainly from the ____

A

vagal to transverse colon, then pelvic nerves to anus

28
Q

sympathetics to the GI tract are from the:

A

post-ganglionic adrenergic fibers from celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexes

29
Q

cells that line the Crypts of Lieberkuhn include..

A
  1. Goblet cells - secrete thick mucus
  2. Stem cells
  3. Endocrine cells - produce and secrete hormones into the blood, including gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide (aka glucose insulinotropic peptide) and motilin.
30
Q

The enteric nerves are crucial to the efficient actions of the GI tract from ____ through the______.

A

esophagus to colon

31
Q

Blood flow to the intestines increases for _____ after eating, to facilitate absorption.

A

3-6 hours

32
Q

epithelial secretions serve to _____

A

lubricate, protect and digest material

33
Q

Liver functions:

A
  • Secretion of bile (lipid digestion)
  • storage of nutrients
  • production of cellular fuels
  • plasma proteins, clotting factors
  • detoxification
  • phagocytosis
34
Q

Pancreas secreates:

A
  • buffers and digestive enzymes – by exocrine cells
  • hormones – by endocrine cells to regulate digestion
35
Q

Gallbladder functions:

A

Storage and concentration of bile

36
Q

Large intestine functions

A
  1. Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials for elimination
  2. resorption of water and electrolytes
  3. host defense
37
Q

Small intestine functions:

A
  1. Enzymatic digestion
  2. absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions
  3. host defense
38
Q

Stomach functions:

A
  1. Chemical breakdown of food by acid and enzymes
  2. mechanical breakdown via muscular contractions
39
Q

Salivary gland function:

A

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that initiate digestion

40
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS), acts locally with input from ____ and _____

A

autonomics and local receptors

41
Q

T/F: Central nervous system (CNS) does not take part in regulation of GIT

A

False - helps with anticipatory sensory responses and reflexes

42
Q

Lumenal receptors, including chemo-, mechano- and osmoreceptors respond to ____ and signal to ______.

A
  • acidity and chemical composition of the chyme, its osmolarity, and stretch, respectively. \
  • These receptors signal the ENS and endocrine cells.
43
Q

T/F: Hormones in GIT affect other organs only in an endocrine fashion.

A

False - Hormones in the GI tract act in endocrine and paracrine manners to affect other parts of the GI tract and related organs.