Secondary Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Association Cortex and Working Memory Flashcards
How is cortical information processed (6)
- Primary sensory cortex to
- Unimodal sensory association cortex to
- Posterior association and limbic association cortex to
- Anterior association cortex to
- Unimodal motor association cortex to
- Primary motor cortex
What is the largest lobe of the cortex
Frontal
How much of the cortical surface does the frontal cortex make up
1/3
True or False:
The frontal cortex is one of the last cortical regions to myelinate
True
True or False:
The frontal cortex contains the most dopamine sensitive neurons in the neocortex
True
What areas make up the motor cortex (5)
- Primary motor
- Premotor cortex
- Frontal eye field
- Broca’s area
- Supplementary motor
What areas make up the prefrontal cortex (3)
- Dorsolateral aspect
- Medial aspect
- Inferior orbital aspect
What is the function of the supplementary and premotor cortex
Transform the intention to perform a complex motor act into the specific sequence of movements necessary to accomplish the act
Functionally the supplementary and premotor cortices do what (3)
- Produces movement when stimulated
- Is active before and during voluntary movements
- Active when either side of the body is involved in a movement
Where is the premotor cortex located
Anterior to the primary motor cortex occupying the lateral segment
What does the premotor cortex send output to (3)
- Mainly to primary motor
- Little bit to the brainstem reticular formation
- Corticospinal tract
True or False:
The premotor cortex is mostly involved in the planning of movement
True
True or False:
Premotor neurons become active before the onset of anticipated movements particularly in response to external cues
True
What do lesions to the premotor cortex lead to
Slowing of anticipated movements
Does lesion to the premotor cortex cause paralysis
Nope
True or False:
The premotor cortex acts to prepare the primary motor cortex for planned movements by facilitating appropriate primary motor columns
True
Where is the supplementary motor cortex located
Anterior to primary motor cortex occupying the medial segment
Where does the supplementary motor cortex mainly send outputs
Primary motor cortex
What is the role of the supplementary motor corte
Programming the primary motor cortex for the execution of complex movements
What does stimulation of the supplementary motor are neurons elicit
Complex movements involving several muscles, particularly movements involving bilateral coordination
When are supplementary motor area neurons active
When voluntarily executing or mentally rehearsing complex movements
Are the supplementary motor area neurons active when executing simple acts
Nope
What does lesion to the supplementary motor area inhibit
The ability o perform complex movements
True or False:
Lesions to the supplementary motor area can cause apraxia
True
What are the 3 heteromodal association areas
- Posterior association area
- Limbic association area
- Anterior association area
Where is the anterior association cortex located
Anterior to premotor and supplementary motor areas
What does the anterior association cortex do
Links information from other association areas
What is another name for the anterior association cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Where does the prefrontal cortex have connections (2)
- Cortical connections
2. Subcortical connections
What are the cortical connections of the prefrontal cortex (3)
- Posterior association area
- Limbic association area
- Motor association area
What are the subcortical region connections of the prefrontal cortex (4)
- Amygdala
- Hippocampal formation
- Thalamus
- Basal ganglia (via head of caudate)
True or False:
The anterior association area can also be called the frontal association
True
What are the 3 broad categories of the frontal association functions (RIO)
- Restraint
- Initiative
- Order
What is restraint
Inhibition of inappropriate behaviors
What is intiative
Motivation to pursue positive or productive activities
What is order
The capacity to logically and correctly perform sequencing tasks and a variety of other cognitive operations
Order involves what (5)
- Planning
- Reasoning
- Insight
- Organization
- Working memory
What 2 profiles can emerge after prefrontal cortex damage
- Depressive state
2. Manic state
What are the characteristics of depressive state (7)
- Apathetic indifference
- Abulia
- Akinesia
- Perseveration
- Mutism
- Depression
- Hyposexuality
What are the characteristics of manic state (7)
- Explosive emotional lability
- Environmental dependency
- Distractibility
- Impersistence
- Confabulation
- Mania
- Hypersexuality
Damage to what part of the prefrontal cortex results in a depressive state
Lateral prefrontal cortex
Damage to what part of the prefrontal cortex results in a manic state
Anterior and medial regions
True or False:
The distinction between a depressive and manic state is not simple due to many frontal lobe syndromes being highly variable and there can be contradictory findings even within the same person
True
What are the 2 forms of action control
- Habit based form
2. Goal directed form
What is the habit based form of action control
Heavily relies on previously stored information
What is the goal directed form of action control
Forecast and compare action outcomes
How are habit based and goal directed forms of action plans evaluated
Divided attention tasks
What do dual task procedures cause (2)
- Primary task
2. Secondary task
Is the primary task habit based or goal directed
Habit based
Is the second task habit based or goal directed
Goal directed
What is a way to evaluate habit based and goal directed action plans
Stoop task
What are characteristics of goal directed behaviors (2)
- Activities and outcomes have an abstractness and complexity far greater than what nonhuman animals probably would ever conceive
- Achievement requires a system that can translate these abstract goals for a future state of the world into concrete actions in the present moment that are thought would get them there
True or False:
For goal directed behaviors to be successful you have to not do other things you would like to do
True, SO NO PROCRASTINATING
True or False:
Humans are active rather than reactive being we are able to form goals, our visions of the future
True
True or False:
Working memory is prospective and is geared toward the future not a record of past events
True
True or False:
Working memory is an active process that requires the subject to volitionally select, maintain, and manipulate information
True
True or False:
The prefrontal cortex is directly connected with every distinct functional unit of the brain
True
True or False:
Working memory represents, maintains, and manipulates information that is not immediately present in the environment
True
True or False:
Working memory allows for the interaction of current goals with perceptual information and knowledge accumulated from past experience
True
True or False:
Working memory takes in new information and also retrieves info from long term memory
True
During a delayed auditory matching to sample task what happened to the people with prefrontal damage and people with hippocampal damage
People with prefrontal damage had more errors in all areas of the task
People with hippocampal damage only had more errors in the longest delay conditions
True or False:
The Wisconson card sorting task involved a cognitive set shift
True
What is a cognitive set shift
The person needs to know the rule and the rule changes during the task
Why do humans have unequaled abilities for planning and abstract reasoning
Due to elaborate connection in our cortex (large volume of white matter in prefrontal cortex)
