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Neuro 2 > Secondary Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Association Cortex and Working Memory > Flashcards

Secondary Motor Cortex and Prefrontal Association Cortex and Working Memory Flashcards

1
Q

How is cortical information processed (6)

A
  1. Primary sensory cortex to
  2. Unimodal sensory association cortex to
  3. Posterior association and limbic association cortex to
  4. Anterior association cortex to
  5. Unimodal motor association cortex to
  6. Primary motor cortex
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2
Q

What is the largest lobe of the cortex

A

Frontal

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3
Q

How much of the cortical surface does the frontal cortex make up

A

1/3

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4
Q

True or False:

The frontal cortex is one of the last cortical regions to myelinate

A

True

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5
Q

True or False:

The frontal cortex contains the most dopamine sensitive neurons in the neocortex

A

True

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6
Q

What areas make up the motor cortex (5)

A
  1. Primary motor
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Frontal eye field
  4. Broca’s area
  5. Supplementary motor
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7
Q

What areas make up the prefrontal cortex (3)

A
  1. Dorsolateral aspect
  2. Medial aspect
  3. Inferior orbital aspect
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8
Q

What is the function of the supplementary and premotor cortex

A

Transform the intention to perform a complex motor act into the specific sequence of movements necessary to accomplish the act

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9
Q

Functionally the supplementary and premotor cortices do what (3)

A
  1. Produces movement when stimulated
  2. Is active before and during voluntary movements
  3. Active when either side of the body is involved in a movement
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10
Q

Where is the premotor cortex located

A

Anterior to the primary motor cortex occupying the lateral segment

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11
Q

What does the premotor cortex send output to (3)

A
  1. Mainly to primary motor
  2. Little bit to the brainstem reticular formation
  3. Corticospinal tract
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12
Q

True or False:

The premotor cortex is mostly involved in the planning of movement

A

True

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13
Q

True or False:

Premotor neurons become active before the onset of anticipated movements particularly in response to external cues

A

True

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14
Q

What do lesions to the premotor cortex lead to

A

Slowing of anticipated movements

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15
Q

Does lesion to the premotor cortex cause paralysis

A

Nope

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16
Q

True or False:
The premotor cortex acts to prepare the primary motor cortex for planned movements by facilitating appropriate primary motor columns

A

True

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17
Q

Where is the supplementary motor cortex located

A

Anterior to primary motor cortex occupying the medial segment

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18
Q

Where does the supplementary motor cortex mainly send outputs

A

Primary motor cortex

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19
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor corte

A

Programming the primary motor cortex for the execution of complex movements

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20
Q

What does stimulation of the supplementary motor are neurons elicit

A

Complex movements involving several muscles, particularly movements involving bilateral coordination

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21
Q

When are supplementary motor area neurons active

A

When voluntarily executing or mentally rehearsing complex movements

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22
Q

Are the supplementary motor area neurons active when executing simple acts

A

Nope

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23
Q

What does lesion to the supplementary motor area inhibit

A

The ability o perform complex movements

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24
Q

True or False:

Lesions to the supplementary motor area can cause apraxia

A

True

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25
Q

What are the 3 heteromodal association areas

A
  1. Posterior association area
  2. Limbic association area
  3. Anterior association area
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26
Q

Where is the anterior association cortex located

A

Anterior to premotor and supplementary motor areas

27
Q

What does the anterior association cortex do

A

Links information from other association areas

28
Q

What is another name for the anterior association cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex

29
Q

Where does the prefrontal cortex have connections (2)

A
  1. Cortical connections

2. Subcortical connections

30
Q

What are the cortical connections of the prefrontal cortex (3)

A
  1. Posterior association area
  2. Limbic association area
  3. Motor association area
31
Q

What are the subcortical region connections of the prefrontal cortex (4)

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampal formation
  3. Thalamus
  4. Basal ganglia (via head of caudate)
32
Q

True or False:

The anterior association area can also be called the frontal association

A

True

33
Q

What are the 3 broad categories of the frontal association functions (RIO)

A
  1. Restraint
  2. Initiative
  3. Order
34
Q

What is restraint

A

Inhibition of inappropriate behaviors

35
Q

What is intiative

A

Motivation to pursue positive or productive activities

36
Q

What is order

A

The capacity to logically and correctly perform sequencing tasks and a variety of other cognitive operations

37
Q

Order involves what (5)

A
  1. Planning
  2. Reasoning
  3. Insight
  4. Organization
  5. Working memory
38
Q

What 2 profiles can emerge after prefrontal cortex damage

A
  1. Depressive state

2. Manic state

39
Q

What are the characteristics of depressive state (7)

A
  1. Apathetic indifference
  2. Abulia
  3. Akinesia
  4. Perseveration
  5. Mutism
  6. Depression
  7. Hyposexuality
40
Q

What are the characteristics of manic state (7)

A
  1. Explosive emotional lability
  2. Environmental dependency
  3. Distractibility
  4. Impersistence
  5. Confabulation
  6. Mania
  7. Hypersexuality
41
Q

Damage to what part of the prefrontal cortex results in a depressive state

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

42
Q

Damage to what part of the prefrontal cortex results in a manic state

A

Anterior and medial regions

43
Q

True or False:
The distinction between a depressive and manic state is not simple due to many frontal lobe syndromes being highly variable and there can be contradictory findings even within the same person

A

True

44
Q

What are the 2 forms of action control

A
  1. Habit based form

2. Goal directed form

45
Q

What is the habit based form of action control

A

Heavily relies on previously stored information

46
Q

What is the goal directed form of action control

A

Forecast and compare action outcomes

47
Q

How are habit based and goal directed forms of action plans evaluated

A

Divided attention tasks

48
Q

What do dual task procedures cause (2)

A
  1. Primary task

2. Secondary task

49
Q

Is the primary task habit based or goal directed

A

Habit based

50
Q

Is the second task habit based or goal directed

A

Goal directed

51
Q

What is a way to evaluate habit based and goal directed action plans

A

Stoop task

52
Q

What are characteristics of goal directed behaviors (2)

A
  1. Activities and outcomes have an abstractness and complexity far greater than what nonhuman animals probably would ever conceive
  2. Achievement requires a system that can translate these abstract goals for a future state of the world into concrete actions in the present moment that are thought would get them there
53
Q

True or False:

For goal directed behaviors to be successful you have to not do other things you would like to do

A

True, SO NO PROCRASTINATING

54
Q

True or False:

Humans are active rather than reactive being we are able to form goals, our visions of the future

A

True

55
Q

True or False:

Working memory is prospective and is geared toward the future not a record of past events

A

True

56
Q

True or False:
Working memory is an active process that requires the subject to volitionally select, maintain, and manipulate information

A

True

57
Q

True or False:

The prefrontal cortex is directly connected with every distinct functional unit of the brain

A

True

58
Q

True or False:

Working memory represents, maintains, and manipulates information that is not immediately present in the environment

A

True

59
Q

True or False:
Working memory allows for the interaction of current goals with perceptual information and knowledge accumulated from past experience

A

True

60
Q

True or False:

Working memory takes in new information and also retrieves info from long term memory

A

True

61
Q

During a delayed auditory matching to sample task what happened to the people with prefrontal damage and people with hippocampal damage

A

People with prefrontal damage had more errors in all areas of the task
People with hippocampal damage only had more errors in the longest delay conditions

62
Q

True or False:

The Wisconson card sorting task involved a cognitive set shift

A

True

63
Q

What is a cognitive set shift

A

The person needs to know the rule and the rule changes during the task

64
Q

Why do humans have unequaled abilities for planning and abstract reasoning

A

Due to elaborate connection in our cortex (large volume of white matter in prefrontal cortex)

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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