Heteromodal Association Cortex Flashcards
True or False:
Heteromodal association cortex comines unimodal from multiple areas and motor
True
True or False:
All sensory and motor systems follow the pattern of both hierarchical and parallel processing
True
What is hierarchical processing
A functional pathway is formed by the serial/sequential connection of identifiable groups of neurons and each group processes more complex or specific information than the preceding group
What is parallelt processing
Sensory and motor information is processed in the brain in a variety of discrete pathways that are active simultaneously
What are the 3 heteromodal association areas
- Posterior association area
- Limbic association area
- Anterior association area
What does the literature refer to the posterior association area as
Posterior parietal cortex
Where is the posterior association area located
The junction of occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes (just behind the somatosensory cortex)
True or False:
The posterior association area links information from primary and unimodal sensory areas
True (makes sense it is heteromodal)
What does the posterior association area integrate somatic senses with (3)
- Visual information
- Auditory information
- Vestibular information
What does the posterior association area provide and interface between
Sensory cortex and frontal motor association areas
What does the expansion of the posterior association cortex correspond to development of (2)
- Stereopsis
2. Prehensile hand
What is stereopsis
Depth perception
What is prehensile hand
Hand that can grasp
True or False:
The posterior association area also has a central component in spatial attention network
True
What is the posterior association area important for (5)
- Development of stereopsis
- Development of prehensile hand
- Spatial attention
- Tracking and guiding movement in space
- Language
What does a large lesion of the posterior cortex produce (2)
- Disrupting accuracy of movement
2. Contralateral neglect
What does contralateral neglect most commonly occur with
Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain
What does damage to the right side of the hemsphere usually result in contralateral neglect
Because it is the non-dominant hemisphere
What does right hemisphere lesion cause
Severe left sided neglect
What does left hemisphere lesion cause
Minimal right sided neglect
What does bilateral lesion cause
Severe right sided neglect
True or False:
You may or may not be able to detect the right sided neglect that occurs with left hemisphere lesion
True
What are the unilateral parietal signs that can occur due to damage (4)
- Apraxia
- Optic apraxia
- Constructional apraxia
- Visual hemineglect
What is apraxia
The inability to conceptualize or mimic a movement even though the patient can make the necessary movements
What is optic apraxia
Difficulty reaching to objects in space or finding them with saccades
What are saccades
Rapid movement of the eyes between fixation points
What is constructional apraxia
Deficit or inability to build, assemble, or copy objects despite ability and willingness to complete the task
What is visual hemineglect more prominent with
Right posterior parietal lesions
What is visual hemineglect
Neglecting half of the visual field
What are signs of apraxia (5)
- Motor deficits
- Sensory defects
- Movement disorders
- Certain cognitive disorders
- Unwillingness to comply (abulia)
What is apraxia more common with
Damage to the dominant hemisphere
True or False:
Perception is an abstraction, not a replication, of reality
True
True or False:
We do not know how the brain binds everything together
True
True or False:
The brain constructs an internal representation of external physical events after first analyzing various features of those events
True
True or False:
When we hold an object in hand the shape, movement, and texture of the object are simultaneously but separately analyzed and the results are integrated in a conscious experience
True
True or False:
Damage to parietal lobe creates binding errors
True
Who was the biggest example of binding errors due to damage of the parietal lobe
RM
What happened to RM
He had suffered 2 sequential strokes in the occipital-parietal region of the right then left hemisphere producing nearly symmetrical lesions
As a result of RM’s injury he showed all of the symptoms of what
Balint’s syndrome
True or False:
With a person with balint’s syndrome you should be more worried about the symptoms than the lesion
True
What were anatomically intact in RM’s brain (6)
- Calcarine sulcus
- Both temporal lobes
- Somatosensory cortices
- Motor cortices
- Both frontal lobes
- Both supramarginal gyri of the temporal lobes
What is Balint’s syndrome
Neuropsychological disorder that results from severe bilateral damage to dorsolateral parieto-occipital association cortex
What are the 3 main signs of the Balint’s syndrome
- Simultanagnosia
- Oculomotor apraxia
- Optic ataxia
True or False:
A person with Balint’s syndrome is functionally blind except for the perception of a single object at a time
True
Does a person with Balint’s syndrome know where the object they can see is located
Nope
True or False:
Patients with Balint’s syndrome do neglect both halves of the world but do not neglect any portion of objects that they perceive
True
What happens when you show a patient with Balint’s syndrome a picture
They will report seeing one object of it
What happens when you take the picture away and show them the same picture
They will report seeing one object whether it was the same as the first time or different
If the object they see is different and you ask them what happened to the first object they say what do they say
The object disappeared
True or False:
Different parts of the brain mediate visual attention to different types of stimuli
True
What do faces activate in the brain
Ventral visual pathway
What does the position of the face activate in the brain
Dorsal visual pathway
What pathway tells you about the where the object is
Dorsal visual pathway
What pathway tells you about the what the object is
Ventral visual pathway
What does the ventral visual pathway analyze to determine what the object is (2)
- Form (shape)
2. Color
What does the dorsal visual pathway analyze to determine where the object is (2)
- Motion
2. Spatial relations
What does the dorsal visual pathway allow us to determine (3)
- Size
- Movement
- Location of objects
True or False:
The dorsal visual pathway directs visual guidance of goal directed exploration to contralateral space
True
True or False:
The dorsal visual pathway does memory of where things are and memory of objects in space relative to one’s own body
True
What is knowing where an object is in space relative to one’s body
Egocentric
What does damage to the dorsal visual pathway cause
Impaired performance of purposeful actions (apraxia)
What does the ventral visual pathway do (2)
- Object identification
2. Object recognition
True or False:
Visual input to the ventral visual pathway is mainly foveal or parafoveal
True
What frame of reference does ventral visual pathway have
Allocentric
What is allocentric
Object centered frame of reference
True or False:
The ventral visual pathway is more effortful than the dorsal visual pathway
True
What is spatial information stored into long term memory by
Hippocampal formation
True or False:
Once the information is in LTM the job of the hippocampus is done
True
True or False:
The hippocampus is an extension of the ventral stream
True
What does the hippocampus do
Brings multimodal, highly processed information together and consolidates it into memory
True or False:
The hippocampus receives both egocentric and allocentric information
True
What are the areas that make up the limbic association area (5)
- Ventromedial prefrontal and orbital frontal cortex
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Amygdala
True or False:
The limbic association area receives info from virtually every association area and therefore can associate all the stimuli of an event
True
What does the limbic association area add to the input
Emotional content
What does the emotional content contribute to
Memory formation
What is capgras syndrone (Think of George)
When you suffer some cerebral event and you no longer and can no longer recognize someone by sight due to a lack of emotional part of conscious experience
Who is HM
Henry Molaison who had a seizure disorder and to fix it the doctor removed bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and part of the temporal lobe
What happened to HM after the surgery
His seizures decreased significantly but he was no longer able to form new memories
Did HM lose episodic or semantic memory
Episodic memory
What are the disorders of association cortex (2)
- Agnosia
2. Aphasia
What is agnosia
Inability to process sensory information and thus recognize it
What are the senses that can be affected by agnosia (3)
- Tactile
- Visual
- Auditory
What is a type of visual agnosia
Alexia
What is alexia
An acquired inability to read
What are the types of aphasia (4)
- Wernicke’s (receptive)
- Broca’s (expressive)
- Conduction
- Global
What is conduction aphasia
Understand speech and can produce it but can’t repeat speech
What is damaged in conductive aphasia
Arcuate fasciculus
What is the arcuate fasciculus
Fiber bundle that communicates between broca’s and wernicke’s areas
What is global aphasia
Problems with writing, vocalizing, and understanding speech that is written or spoken
What is prosopagnosia
The inability to recognize faces
What is anosognosia
Denying there is some deficit in the limb (they actually can’t due a task but won’t admit it)
Agnosia is often associated with damage to what
The ventral processing stream
Which aphasia has the best chance to recover function
Broca’s aphasia