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Neuro 2 > Heteromodal Association Cortex > Flashcards

Heteromodal Association Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

True or False:

Heteromodal association cortex comines unimodal from multiple areas and motor

A

True

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2
Q

True or False:

All sensory and motor systems follow the pattern of both hierarchical and parallel processing

A

True

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3
Q

What is hierarchical processing

A

A functional pathway is formed by the serial/sequential connection of identifiable groups of neurons and each group processes more complex or specific information than the preceding group

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4
Q

What is parallelt processing

A

Sensory and motor information is processed in the brain in a variety of discrete pathways that are active simultaneously

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5
Q

What are the 3 heteromodal association areas

A
  1. Posterior association area
  2. Limbic association area
  3. Anterior association area
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6
Q

What does the literature refer to the posterior association area as

A

Posterior parietal cortex

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7
Q

Where is the posterior association area located

A

The junction of occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes (just behind the somatosensory cortex)

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8
Q

True or False:

The posterior association area links information from primary and unimodal sensory areas

A

True (makes sense it is heteromodal)

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9
Q

What does the posterior association area integrate somatic senses with (3)

A
  1. Visual information
  2. Auditory information
  3. Vestibular information
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10
Q

What does the posterior association area provide and interface between

A

Sensory cortex and frontal motor association areas

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11
Q

What does the expansion of the posterior association cortex correspond to development of (2)

A
  1. Stereopsis

2. Prehensile hand

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12
Q

What is stereopsis

A

Depth perception

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13
Q

What is prehensile hand

A

Hand that can grasp

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14
Q

True or False:

The posterior association area also has a central component in spatial attention network

A

True

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15
Q

What is the posterior association area important for (5)

A
  1. Development of stereopsis
  2. Development of prehensile hand
  3. Spatial attention
  4. Tracking and guiding movement in space
  5. Language
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16
Q

What does a large lesion of the posterior cortex produce (2)

A
  1. Disrupting accuracy of movement

2. Contralateral neglect

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17
Q

What does contralateral neglect most commonly occur with

A

Damage to the right hemisphere of the brain

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18
Q

What does damage to the right side of the hemsphere usually result in contralateral neglect

A

Because it is the non-dominant hemisphere

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19
Q

What does right hemisphere lesion cause

A

Severe left sided neglect

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20
Q

What does left hemisphere lesion cause

A

Minimal right sided neglect

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21
Q

What does bilateral lesion cause

A

Severe right sided neglect

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22
Q

True or False:

You may or may not be able to detect the right sided neglect that occurs with left hemisphere lesion

A

True

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23
Q

What are the unilateral parietal signs that can occur due to damage (4)

A
  1. Apraxia
  2. Optic apraxia
  3. Constructional apraxia
  4. Visual hemineglect
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24
Q

What is apraxia

A

The inability to conceptualize or mimic a movement even though the patient can make the necessary movements

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25
Q

What is optic apraxia

A

Difficulty reaching to objects in space or finding them with saccades

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26
Q

What are saccades

A

Rapid movement of the eyes between fixation points

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27
Q

What is constructional apraxia

A

Deficit or inability to build, assemble, or copy objects despite ability and willingness to complete the task

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28
Q

What is visual hemineglect more prominent with

A

Right posterior parietal lesions

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29
Q

What is visual hemineglect

A

Neglecting half of the visual field

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30
Q

What are signs of apraxia (5)

A
  1. Motor deficits
  2. Sensory defects
  3. Movement disorders
  4. Certain cognitive disorders
  5. Unwillingness to comply (abulia)
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31
Q

What is apraxia more common with

A

Damage to the dominant hemisphere

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32
Q

True or False:

Perception is an abstraction, not a replication, of reality

A

True

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33
Q

True or False:

We do not know how the brain binds everything together

A

True

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34
Q

True or False:
The brain constructs an internal representation of external physical events after first analyzing various features of those events

A

True

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35
Q

True or False:
When we hold an object in hand the shape, movement, and texture of the object are simultaneously but separately analyzed and the results are integrated in a conscious experience

A

True

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36
Q

True or False:

Damage to parietal lobe creates binding errors

A

True

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37
Q

Who was the biggest example of binding errors due to damage of the parietal lobe

A

RM

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38
Q

What happened to RM

A

He had suffered 2 sequential strokes in the occipital-parietal region of the right then left hemisphere producing nearly symmetrical lesions

39
Q

As a result of RM’s injury he showed all of the symptoms of what

A

Balint’s syndrome

40
Q

True or False:

With a person with balint’s syndrome you should be more worried about the symptoms than the lesion

A

True

41
Q

What were anatomically intact in RM’s brain (6)

A
  1. Calcarine sulcus
  2. Both temporal lobes
  3. Somatosensory cortices
  4. Motor cortices
  5. Both frontal lobes
  6. Both supramarginal gyri of the temporal lobes
42
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome

A

Neuropsychological disorder that results from severe bilateral damage to dorsolateral parieto-occipital association cortex

43
Q

What are the 3 main signs of the Balint’s syndrome

A
  1. Simultanagnosia
  2. Oculomotor apraxia
  3. Optic ataxia
44
Q

True or False:

A person with Balint’s syndrome is functionally blind except for the perception of a single object at a time

A

True

45
Q

Does a person with Balint’s syndrome know where the object they can see is located

A

Nope

46
Q

True or False:
Patients with Balint’s syndrome do neglect both halves of the world but do not neglect any portion of objects that they perceive

A

True

47
Q

What happens when you show a patient with Balint’s syndrome a picture

A

They will report seeing one object of it

48
Q

What happens when you take the picture away and show them the same picture

A

They will report seeing one object whether it was the same as the first time or different

49
Q

If the object they see is different and you ask them what happened to the first object they say what do they say

A

The object disappeared

50
Q

True or False:

Different parts of the brain mediate visual attention to different types of stimuli

A

True

51
Q

What do faces activate in the brain

A

Ventral visual pathway

52
Q

What does the position of the face activate in the brain

A

Dorsal visual pathway

53
Q

What pathway tells you about the where the object is

A

Dorsal visual pathway

54
Q

What pathway tells you about the what the object is

A

Ventral visual pathway

55
Q

What does the ventral visual pathway analyze to determine what the object is (2)

A
  1. Form (shape)

2. Color

56
Q

What does the dorsal visual pathway analyze to determine where the object is (2)

A
  1. Motion

2. Spatial relations

57
Q

What does the dorsal visual pathway allow us to determine (3)

A
  1. Size
  2. Movement
  3. Location of objects
58
Q

True or False:

The dorsal visual pathway directs visual guidance of goal directed exploration to contralateral space

A

True

59
Q

True or False:

The dorsal visual pathway does memory of where things are and memory of objects in space relative to one’s own body

A

True

60
Q

What is knowing where an object is in space relative to one’s body

A

Egocentric

61
Q

What does damage to the dorsal visual pathway cause

A

Impaired performance of purposeful actions (apraxia)

62
Q

What does the ventral visual pathway do (2)

A
  1. Object identification

2. Object recognition

63
Q

True or False:

Visual input to the ventral visual pathway is mainly foveal or parafoveal

A

True

64
Q

What frame of reference does ventral visual pathway have

A

Allocentric

65
Q

What is allocentric

A

Object centered frame of reference

66
Q

True or False:

The ventral visual pathway is more effortful than the dorsal visual pathway

A

True

67
Q

What is spatial information stored into long term memory by

A

Hippocampal formation

68
Q

True or False:

Once the information is in LTM the job of the hippocampus is done

A

True

69
Q

True or False:

The hippocampus is an extension of the ventral stream

A

True

70
Q

What does the hippocampus do

A

Brings multimodal, highly processed information together and consolidates it into memory

71
Q

True or False:

The hippocampus receives both egocentric and allocentric information

A

True

72
Q

What are the areas that make up the limbic association area (5)

A
  1. Ventromedial prefrontal and orbital frontal cortex
  2. Cingulate gyrus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Parahippocampal gyrus
  5. Amygdala
73
Q

True or False:
The limbic association area receives info from virtually every association area and therefore can associate all the stimuli of an event

A

True

74
Q

What does the limbic association area add to the input

A

Emotional content

75
Q

What does the emotional content contribute to

A

Memory formation

76
Q

What is capgras syndrone (Think of George)

A

When you suffer some cerebral event and you no longer and can no longer recognize someone by sight due to a lack of emotional part of conscious experience

77
Q

Who is HM

A

Henry Molaison who had a seizure disorder and to fix it the doctor removed bilateral amygdala, hippocampus, and part of the temporal lobe

78
Q

What happened to HM after the surgery

A

His seizures decreased significantly but he was no longer able to form new memories

79
Q

Did HM lose episodic or semantic memory

A

Episodic memory

80
Q

What are the disorders of association cortex (2)

A
  1. Agnosia

2. Aphasia

81
Q

What is agnosia

A

Inability to process sensory information and thus recognize it

82
Q

What are the senses that can be affected by agnosia (3)

A
  1. Tactile
  2. Visual
  3. Auditory
83
Q

What is a type of visual agnosia

A

Alexia

84
Q

What is alexia

A

An acquired inability to read

85
Q

What are the types of aphasia (4)

A
  1. Wernicke’s (receptive)
  2. Broca’s (expressive)
  3. Conduction
  4. Global
86
Q

What is conduction aphasia

A

Understand speech and can produce it but can’t repeat speech

87
Q

What is damaged in conductive aphasia

A

Arcuate fasciculus

88
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus

A

Fiber bundle that communicates between broca’s and wernicke’s areas

89
Q

What is global aphasia

A

Problems with writing, vocalizing, and understanding speech that is written or spoken

90
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

The inability to recognize faces

91
Q

What is anosognosia

A

Denying there is some deficit in the limb (they actually can’t due a task but won’t admit it)

92
Q

Agnosia is often associated with damage to what

A

The ventral processing stream

93
Q

Which aphasia has the best chance to recover function

A

Broca’s aphasia

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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