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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the corpus striatum (2)

A
  1. Caudate

2. Lentiform nucleus

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2
Q

What are the components of the lentiform nucleus (2)

A
  1. Putamen

2. Globus pallidus

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3
Q

What make up the basal ganglia (5)

A
  1. Caudate
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
  4. Subthalamic nucleus
  5. Substantia nigra
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4
Q

What are the components of the striatum (neostriatum) (2)

A
  1. Caudate

2. Putamen

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5
Q

True or False:

The basal ganglia participates in complex networks that influence descending motor systems

A

True

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6
Q

True or False:

The basal ganglia does not project directly to the periphery

A

True

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7
Q

True or False:

Movement abnormalities associated with the basal ganglia disorders differ markedly from those of the cerebellum

A

True

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8
Q

What does lesion to the basal ganglia result in (2)

A
  1. Hyperkinetic

2. Hypokinetic

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9
Q

What are hyperkinetic movement disorders

A

Uncontrolled voluntary movements that produce a random pattern of jerks and movements

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10
Q

What are hypokinetic movement disorders

A

Characterized by rigidity, slowness, and difficulty initiating movements

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11
Q

When does hyperkinetic movement occur

A

You have lost your modulation (inhibition) of the movement

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12
Q

When does hypokinetic movement occur

A

You have excessive modulation (inhibition) of movement

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13
Q

What are the 4 main channels of the basal ganglia

A
  1. Motor
  2. Oculomotor
  3. Prefrontal
  4. Limbic
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14
Q

True or False:
Each channel of the basal ganglia passes through slightly different pathways and projects to different regions of the frontal cortex

A

True

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15
Q

What is the major motor channel function of the basal ganglia

A

Disinhibition

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16
Q

True or False:
the motor channel function provides feedback to the cerebral cortex for the initiation and control of procedural movements

A

True

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17
Q

What does the motor channel do (2)

A
  1. Facilitates intentional movements

2. Inhibits extraneous movements

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18
Q

The motor channel forms a lop that originates in almost every area of the cerebral cortex and eventually terminates after enormos convergence with the basal ganglia on (2)

A
  1. The upper motor neurons in the motor and premotor areas of the frontal lobe
  2. Superior colliculus
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19
Q

What 2 cortices do not communicate with the basal ganglia

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex

2. Primary visual cortex

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20
Q

True or False:

The parietal cortex allows us to detect motion in the visual field

A

True

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21
Q

In an anterior slice of the basal ganglia can you see the globus pallidus

A

No

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22
Q

In a posterior slice of the basal ganglia can you see the globus pallidus

A

Yes

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23
Q

Why are the caudate and putamen collectively referred to as striatum

A

Due to the striated look in between them

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24
Q

What causes the striated look

A

Axon bridges communicating between the caudate and the putamen

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25
Q

How do you know that you are in a posterior slice of the basal ganglia

A

You can see the globus pallidus

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26
Q

Where do virtually all of the basal ganglia afferents arrive

A

Striatum

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27
Q

What does the caudate primarily receive input from (5)

A
  1. Premotor cortex
  2. Limbic regions
  3. Cortical association regions
  4. Frontal eye fields
  5. Supplementary motor areas
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28
Q

What does the putamen primarily receive input from (4)

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Primary somatosensory cortex
  3. Substantia nigra (pars compacta)
  4. Centromedian nucleus of thalamus (indirect cortical input)
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29
Q

Most of the cortical inputs of the basal ganglia afferents for motor channel are ______ and use _____

A
  1. Excitatory

2. Glutamate

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30
Q

Dopamin input from the pars compacta causes what at the D1 and D2 receptors

A

D1 receptors: excitatory

D2 receptors: inhibitory

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31
Q

Do basal ganglia outputs inhibit or excite the thalamus

A

Inhibit

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32
Q

Where do the basal ganglia outputs arise from (2)

A
  1. Substantia nigra pars reticulata

2. Internal segment of the globus pallidus

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33
Q

What do the outputs from the substantia nigra pars reticulata act on (2)

A
  1. Head

2. Neck

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34
Q

What do the outputs from the internal segment of the globus pallidus act on (1)

A
  1. Body
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35
Q

Are the outputs inhibitory or excitatory

A

Inhibitory (GABA)

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36
Q

Where do the main pathways of the basal ganglia outputs go (4)

A
  1. Ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus
  2. Ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus
  3. Intralaminar nuclei
  4. Mediodorsal nucleus
37
Q

What do the main pathway of the basal ganglia outputs that go to the ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus travel via

A

The thalamic fasciculus

38
Q

Is the direct loop a positive or negative feedback loop

A

Positive feedback loop

39
Q

Does the direct loop travel to the external or internal segment of the globus pallidus or both

A

Internal globus pallidus

40
Q

Is the indirect loop a positive or negative feedback loop

A

Negative feedback loop

41
Q

Does the indirect loop travel to the external or internal segment of the globus pallidus or both

A

Both internal and external

42
Q

Does the direct loop excite the cortex or dampen it

A

Excites the cortex

43
Q

Does the indirect loop excite the cortex or dampen it

A

Dampens the cortex

44
Q

Direct loop order (4)

A
  1. The cortex excites the striatum
  2. The striatum inhibits the globus pallidus internus or substantia nigra reticulata
  3. The thalamus is no longer inhibited
  4. The thalamus more excitatory signals to the cortical motor areas
45
Q

Indirect loop order (6)

A
  1. The cortex excites the striatum
  2. The striatum inhibits the globus pallidus externus
  3. The subthalamic nucleus is no longer inhibited by the globus pallidus externus
  4. The subthalamic nucleus excites the globus pallidus internus or substantia nigra reticulata
  5. The globus pallidus internus or substantia nigra reticulata inhibit the thalamus
  6. The thalamus sends fewer excitatory signals to the cortical motor areas
46
Q

Use the figures that Kashino has in our notes to draw the pathways

A

The ones Naomi gave us are different (even though they are probably what actually happens)

47
Q

What is motor behavior determined by

A

The balance between the direct and indirect striatal outputs

48
Q

With hyperkinetic disorders what happens to the direct and indirect pathways

A

Excessive direct pathway output (makes sense this pathway causes more motion)
Insufficient indirect pathway output

49
Q

With hypokinetic disorders what happens to the direct and indirect pathways

A

Insufficient direct pathway output

Excessive indirect pathway output (makes sense this pathway causes less motion)

50
Q

Are all basal ganglia signals ipsilateral or contralateral

A

Contralateral

51
Q

True or False:
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant single gene defect that codes for an abnormal protein kills particular pathways

52
Q

What pathway is effected in Huntington’s disease

A

The indirect pathway

53
Q

What in the indirect pathway is damaged with Huntington’s disease

A

Neurons in the striatum particularly those of the caudate nucleus

54
Q

What does losing input from the indirect pathway lead to

A

Motor cortex gets too much excitation

55
Q

What does the excess cortical excitation lead to

A

Continuous rhythmical movements of the body (especially in the limbs and face)

56
Q

True or False:

Hungitngton’s in the advanced stages is associated with dementia

57
Q

What causes hemiballismus

A

A unilateral lesion to the subthalamic nucleus

58
Q

What does the unilateral lesion prevent

A

Excitatory subthalamic nucleus projections to the globus pallidus

59
Q

What does the lack of excitation of the globus pallidus result in

A

Loss of inhibition of the thalamus which greatly increases excitation of the cortex

60
Q

What is the biggest sign of hemiballismus

A

Large amplitude involuntary movement of proximal limb muscles of a more rotating or flinging quality

61
Q

True or False:

The signs of hemiballismus can wax and wane but can worsen over time

62
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia

A

Hyperkinetic disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the tongue and face

63
Q

What tongue and face motions occur

A

Repetitive chewing movements and the tongue moves in and out of the mouth

64
Q

Are the arms affected with tardive dyskinesia

65
Q

Does lesion cause tardive dyskinesia

66
Q

What causes tardive dyskinesia

A

Long term use of antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine

67
Q

What is thought be the effect of the antipsychotic drugs on dopamine that cause tardive dyskinesia

A

Imbalance of D1 and D2 receptors favoring the direct pathway over the indirect pathway

68
Q

What are the 3 stages of tourette’s syndrome

A
  1. Only multiple tics (twitches of the face, limbs, or the whole body)
  2. Inarticulate cries are added to multiple tics
  3. Emission of articulate words with echolalia (repeating words said by others) and coprolalia (swearing)
69
Q

What is the onset of tourette’s syndrome

A

2-15 years old

70
Q

What ameliorates (makes better) tourette’s syndrome

A

Drugs that block dopamine

71
Q

What causes parkinson’s disease

A

Reduction of dopamine in the brain and damage to the dopaminergic pathway from the substantia nigra pars compacta to the striatum

72
Q

Normally does dopamine in the striatum appears to have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the direct pathway

A

Excitatory effect

73
Q

Normally does dopamine in the striatum appears to have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the indirect pathway

A

Inhibitory effect

74
Q

Does dopamine normally have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the thalamus

A

Excitatory

75
Q

What are the major symptoms of parkinson’s disease (3)

A
  1. Resting tremor
  2. Cogwheel rigidity
  3. Bradykinesia
76
Q

True or False:

Parkinson’s patients can have Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra

77
Q

Is progressive supranuclear palsy a progressive or non-progressive condition (please don’t get this one wrong)

A

Progressive

78
Q

What are the symptoms of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

A

Motor symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease and difficulty walking and frequent falls early in the course of the disease

79
Q

What is a hallmark of progressive supranuclear palsy and how they correct it

A

Inability to move the eyes up and down (vertical gaze palsy). Corrected by moving the head up and down

80
Q

True or False:

People with progressive supranuclear palsy have speech and swallowing problems

81
Q

True or False:

People with progressive supranuclear palsy may also think slowly and have trouble keeping their eyelids open

82
Q

True or False:

There is no known cure or way to stop the progression of progressive supranuclear palsy

83
Q

What is the goal of treatment for progressive supranuclear palsy

A

Minimize the complications associated with disease progression and improve the patient’s overall quality of life

84
Q

What is the cause of progressive supranuclear palsy

A

The cause is unknown but related to degeneration of midbrain (including substantia nigra)

85
Q

True or False:

People with progressive supranuclear palsy present with hummingbird sign

86
Q

What is hummingbird sign

A

Midbrain atrophy without pontine atrophy forming the silhouette of the hummingbird (or penguin) sign

87
Q

Does progressive supranuclear palsy occur above or below the cranial nerves

88
Q

What are the hyperkinetic conditions (4)

A
  1. Huntington’s Chorea
  2. Hemiballismus
  3. Tardive dyskinesia
  4. Tourette’s syndrome
89
Q

What are the hypokinetic conditions (2)

A
  1. Parkinson’s disease

2. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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