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Neuro 2 > Neuroembryology: Nervous System Development > Flashcards

Neuroembryology: Nervous System Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of neural development (5)

A
  1. Birth and differentiation of the neurons
  2. Migration of neurons from birthplace to final destination
  3. Outgrowth of axons from the neurons and the formation of synapses with post synaptic neighbors
  4. Pruning of neurons related to experience
  5. Changes in synapses related to learning and memory
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2
Q

What is the first system that can be delineated in embryo

A

The nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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4
Q

What does the ectoderm end up forming (7)

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Epidermis of skin and it’s derivatives (sweat, hair, receptors)
  3. Cornea and lens
  4. Adrenal medulla
  5. Epithelium of pineal and posterior pituitary
  6. Tooth enamel
  7. Epithelial lining of mouth and anus
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5
Q

What does the mesoderm end up forming (11)

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Muscular layer of stomach and intestine
  5. Excretory system
  6. Circulatory and lymphatics
  7. Reproductive
  8. Dermis of skin
  9. Lining of body cavity
  10. Adrenal cortex
  11. Kidneys and heart
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6
Q

What does the endoderm end up forming (6)

A
  1. Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory system
  2. Lining or urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system
  3. Liver
  4. Pancreas
  5. Thymus
  6. Thyroid and parathyroid
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7
Q

What does the notochord do

A

Secretes chemicals that prevent the nervous system from developing until the time is right

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8
Q

What does the notochord do when the time is right to start neural development

A

Secretes the protein sonic hedgehog

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9
Q

What does sonic hedgehog do

A

Inhibits the inhibitor preventing neural development

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10
Q

When does sonic hedgehog show up after

A

2-3 weeks after conception

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11
Q

At what stage does the formation of the vertebrate nervous system take place

A

Gastrula stages

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12
Q

What happens to the dorsal ectoderm

A

Thickens bilaterally becoming committed to the nervous system

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13
Q

What is the thicken of the dorsal ectoderm called

A

The neural plate

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14
Q

Where does neural epithelium cover

A

The notochord

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of development that the neuroectoderm undergoes

A
  1. It transforms into the neural plate
  2. It invaginates to form the neural groove
  3. The folds of the groove eventually fuse to form the neural tube
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16
Q

What ultimately forms the nervous system

A

The neural tube

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17
Q

How many sections does the rostral portion of the neural tube form

A

3

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18
Q

What forms the PNS

A

The neural crest

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19
Q

When does the neuroectoderm begin to fold

A

18 days after conception

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20
Q

When does the neuroectoderm begin to close into a tube in the cervical area

A

Around day 20

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21
Q

Which way does the neuroectoderm zip up and what day

A

Rostral to caudal at day 28

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22
Q

What does the neural crest form (6)

A
  1. Spinal dorsal root ganglia
  2. Ganglia of the ANS
  3. Cranial nerves
  4. Meninges
  5. Schwann cells
  6. Pigment cells in the skin
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23
Q

What does the neural tube form (4)

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord and motor neurons
  3. Retina
  4. Posterior pituitary
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24
Q

What do somites develop into

A

Sympathetic chain

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25
Q

How does neural development occur

A

Based on experiences

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26
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles

A
  1. Proencephalon
  2. Mesencephalon
  3. Rhombencephalon
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27
Q

What is a flexure

A

A curve that occurs because not all of the cells are dividing at the same rate

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28
Q

Where does the most proliferation or nerve cell precursors occur in the neural tube

A

Inner to outer surface

29
Q

Which end of the neural tube does the brain emerge from

A

The rostral end

30
Q

Where does the forebrain sit during development

A

On top of the heart

31
Q

What are the 2 flexures that develop in the central nervous system in embryo

A

Cephalic and cervical flexures

32
Q

What does the proencephalon form

A

Telecephalon and diencephalon

33
Q

What makes up the telecephalon (4)

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Subcortical white matter
  3. Basal ganglia
  4. Basal forebrain nuclei
34
Q

What makes up the diencephalon (3)

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
35
Q

What is the proencephalon also called

A

The forebrain

36
Q

What is the mesencephalon also called

A

The midbrain

37
Q

What makes up the mesencephalon (3)

A
  1. Cerebral peduncles
  2. Midbrain tectum
  3. Midbrain tegmentum
38
Q

What is the rhombencephalon also called

A

The hindbrain

39
Q

What makes up the rhombencephalon (2)

A
  1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

40
Q

What does the metencephalon form (2)

A
  1. Pons

2. Cerebellum

41
Q

What does the myelencephalon form (1)

42
Q

What is another name for the pontomedullary junction

A

Bulbopontene junction

43
Q

What is it called when the brain and spinal cord are completely open

A

Craniorachischisis

44
Q

What is it called when the brain is open and there is the lack of a skull

A

Anencephaly

45
Q

What is it called when there is herniation of the meninges and potentially the brain

A

Encephalocele

46
Q

What is it called when the occipital skull and spine defects with extreme retroflexion of the head

A

Inencephaly (head permanently extended)

47
Q

What is a closed asymptomatic neural tube defect in which some of the vertebrae are not completely closed

A

Spina bifida occulta

48
Q

What is a deficiency of at least two vertebral arches covered by lipoma

A

Closed spinal dysraphism

49
Q

What is protrusion of the meninges filled with CSF through a defect in the spine

A

Meningocele

50
Q

What is an open spinal cord with a meningeal cyst

A

Myelomeningocele

51
Q

How do you prevent skull and vertebral arches from not forming

A

Taking folic acid

52
Q

What separates the developing gray matter of the mantle layer on lateral walls of the neural tube into basal and alar plates

A

Sulcus limitans

53
Q

How far to the alar and basal plates extend

A

The length of the spinal cord

54
Q

What is the cerebellum a greatly expanded outgrowth of

A

The alar plate of the mesencephalon

55
Q

Where does the alar plate extend

A

Only through the mesencephalon

56
Q

What do cells within the alar plate develop into

A

Afferent and interneurons

57
Q

Are afferent fibers sensory or motor

58
Q

What are the 3 types of afferent fibers developed by the alar plate

A
  1. General sensory afferents
  2. Special sensory afferents
  3. Visceral sensory afferents
59
Q

What do cells in the basal plate develop into

A

Efferent neurons

60
Q

Are efferent neurons sensory or motor

61
Q

What are the 3 types of efferent fibers developed by the basal plate

A
  1. General motor efferents
  2. Special motor efferents
  3. Visceral motor efferents
62
Q

What forms the cranial nerve nuclei

A

The basal and alar plates

63
Q

Where does the alar plate lie in relation to the basal plate after thinning of the mesencephalic roof

A

Dorsolateral

64
Q

In the spinal cord where is the alar plate located

A

More dorsal

65
Q

What does the alar plate yield in the spinal cord

A

Gray neurons for sensory processing

66
Q

In the spinal cord where is the basal plate located

67
Q

What does the basal plate form in the spinal cord

A

Motor area of the cord

68
Q

Why do we have the cauda equina

A

The vertebrae continue to grow after the spinal cord stops growing making the spinal column longer than the spinal cord

69
Q

What causes folding of the tissue in the brain

A

Rapid proliferation

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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