Neuroembryology: Nervous System Development Flashcards
What are the main components of neural development (5)
- Birth and differentiation of the neurons
- Migration of neurons from birthplace to final destination
- Outgrowth of axons from the neurons and the formation of synapses with post synaptic neighbors
- Pruning of neurons related to experience
- Changes in synapses related to learning and memory
What is the first system that can be delineated in embryo
The nervous system
What are the 3 embryonic germ layers
- Ectoderm
- Mesoderm
- Endoderm
What does the ectoderm end up forming (7)
- Nervous system
- Epidermis of skin and it’s derivatives (sweat, hair, receptors)
- Cornea and lens
- Adrenal medulla
- Epithelium of pineal and posterior pituitary
- Tooth enamel
- Epithelial lining of mouth and anus
What does the mesoderm end up forming (11)
- Notochord
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Muscular layer of stomach and intestine
- Excretory system
- Circulatory and lymphatics
- Reproductive
- Dermis of skin
- Lining of body cavity
- Adrenal cortex
- Kidneys and heart
What does the endoderm end up forming (6)
- Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory system
- Lining or urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Thymus
- Thyroid and parathyroid
What does the notochord do
Secretes chemicals that prevent the nervous system from developing until the time is right
What does the notochord do when the time is right to start neural development
Secretes the protein sonic hedgehog
What does sonic hedgehog do
Inhibits the inhibitor preventing neural development
When does sonic hedgehog show up after
2-3 weeks after conception
At what stage does the formation of the vertebrate nervous system take place
Gastrula stages
What happens to the dorsal ectoderm
Thickens bilaterally becoming committed to the nervous system
What is the thicken of the dorsal ectoderm called
The neural plate
Where does neural epithelium cover
The notochord
What are the 3 stages of development that the neuroectoderm undergoes
- It transforms into the neural plate
- It invaginates to form the neural groove
- The folds of the groove eventually fuse to form the neural tube
What ultimately forms the nervous system
The neural tube
How many sections does the rostral portion of the neural tube form
3
What forms the PNS
The neural crest
When does the neuroectoderm begin to fold
18 days after conception
When does the neuroectoderm begin to close into a tube in the cervical area
Around day 20
Which way does the neuroectoderm zip up and what day
Rostral to caudal at day 28
What does the neural crest form (6)
- Spinal dorsal root ganglia
- Ganglia of the ANS
- Cranial nerves
- Meninges
- Schwann cells
- Pigment cells in the skin
What does the neural tube form (4)
- Brain
- Spinal cord and motor neurons
- Retina
- Posterior pituitary
What do somites develop into
Sympathetic chain
How does neural development occur
Based on experiences
What are the 3 primary vesicles
- Proencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
What is a flexure
A curve that occurs because not all of the cells are dividing at the same rate