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Neuro 2 > Cerebellum > Flashcards

Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What sits in the posterior fossa, dorsal to the brainstem and the 4th ventricle

A

Cerebellum

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2
Q

True or False:
Embryologically the cerebellum is part of the pons, but the functions are so different that they are considered their own entity

A

True

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3
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the cortex

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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4
Q

True or False:

There are 2 halves to the cerebellum that are partially separated by the falx cerebelli

A

True

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5
Q

What percent of the brain volume does the cerebellum make up

A

10%

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6
Q

What percent of the brain function does the cerebellum make up

A

50%

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7
Q

What are the folds of the cerebellum called

A

Terminal folia

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8
Q

True or False:

The cortex of the cerebellum is organized into folia

A

True

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9
Q

Does the cerebellum initiate movement

A

No, it coordinates it

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10
Q

The cerebellum may also be involved in what (2)

A
  1. Cognitive functions (attention and language)

2. Regulating fear and pleasure responses

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11
Q

What is the most solidly established function of the cerebellum

A

Movement related functions

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12
Q

How many anatomical divisions are there in the cerebellum

A

3

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13
Q

What is the gross anatomy of the cerebellum (4)

A
  1. Cerebellar peduncles
  2. Folia
  3. Major divisions
  4. Deep cerebellar nuclei
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14
Q

What is functional anatomy of the cerebellum (4)

A
  1. Spinocerebellum
  2. Cerebrocerebellum
  3. Cerebellar vermis
  4. Vestibulocerebellum
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15
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum

A

Proprioceptive input and output

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16
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum

A

Info from the motor cortex down and back up

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17
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum

A

Vestibular nuclei to cerebellum and back out

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18
Q

What do the cerebellar peduncles do

A

Connect the cerebellum to the brainstem

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19
Q

True or False:

The cerebellar peduncles is composed of 3 bilateral pairs of axon tracts

A

True

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20
Q

What type of pathway is the superior cerebellar peduncles

A

Efferent motor pathways

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21
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect with

A

Midbrain

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22
Q

What type of pathway is the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

Afferent pathway arising from the pontine nuclei

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23
Q

What is the main type of pathway of the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Afferent but does have some efferent

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24
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect to

A

The medulla

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25
Q

Which of the cerebellar peduncles is the smallest but most complex

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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26
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Superior cerebellar artery

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27
Q

Where does the middle cerebellar peduncle receive afferents from

A

Contralateral cerebral cortex inputs

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28
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery and superior cerebellar artery

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29
Q

Where does the inferior cerebellar peduncle receive afferents from

A

Ipsilateral proprioceptive input from the spinal cord

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30
Q

What provides the main blood supply to the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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31
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum

A
  1. Spinocerebellum
  2. Neocerebellum
  3. Vestibulocerebellum
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32
Q

What is the newest part of the cerebellum

A

Posterior lobe

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33
Q

What is the oldest part of the cerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe

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34
Q

What are the major longitudinal divisions of the cerebellum (3)

A
  1. Vermis
  2. Intermediate hemisphere
  3. Lateral hemisphere
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35
Q

What info does the vermis receive

A

Kinesthetic and somatosensory inputs from the spinal cord

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36
Q

What does the vermis project to

A

Fastigial nucleus

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37
Q

What does damage to the vermis interrupt

A

Posture and walking

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38
Q

In monkeys what does unilateral lesions of the fastigial nucleus cause

A

The monkey to fall to the ipsilateral side

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39
Q

With damage to the cerebellum what side do they lean to

A

Side of the damage

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40
Q

Where is the intermediate zone located

A

Between the vermis and lateral part of the cerebellum

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41
Q

What does the intermediate zone receive input from

A

Red nucleus and somatosensory info from the spinal cord

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42
Q

Where does the intermediate zone of the cerebellum project

A

Interpositus nucleus to the red nucleus

43
Q

What does damage to the intermediate zone cause (3)

A
  1. Rigidity
  2. Difficulty in moving limbs
  3. Action tremor or intention tremmor
44
Q

What is an intention tremor

A

A tremor causing movement to occur in a staggered manner during motor act

45
Q

What does the lateral zone receive input from

A

Motor and association cortices

46
Q

Where does the lateral zone send projections

A

Dentate nucleus to primary motor and premotor cortex

47
Q

What is the function of the lateral part of the cerebellum (5)

A
  1. Ballistic movements
  2. Multi-joint movements
  3. Learning of new movements
  4. Timing of motor movements
  5. Cognitive functions
48
Q

What is an example of a ballistic movement

A

Swinging of a bat in baseball trying to hit a fastball

49
Q

What is a ballistic movement

A

A movement that occurs so quickly that it can not be modified by feedback

50
Q

Dart experiment

A

People with cerebellar damage weren’t able to adjust after putting on the prism glasses while people without cerebellar damage can adjust

51
Q

What is the somatotopy of the cerebellum

A

The head always faces the middle of the cerebellum

52
Q

True or False:

Folia are made by big long sheets of cells that are folded like an accordion

A

True

53
Q

What are within the thin layer of cells that make the folia

A

Several types of neurons with a highly regular arrangement

54
Q

What do the folia provide

A

Massive signal processing capability

55
Q

True or False:

Most of the cerebellar output passes through a small set of deep cerebellar nuclei

A

True

56
Q

How many layers does the cortex (gray matter) of the folium have

A

3

57
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cortex of the cerebellum from superficial to deep

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje layer
  3. Granular layer
58
Q

What does the molecular layer consist of (2)

A
  1. Axons of granule cells

2. Dendrites of purkinje cells

59
Q

What does the purkinje layer consist of (1)

A

Single layer of output cells

60
Q

Is the purkinje layer excitatory or inhibitory

A

Inhibitory

61
Q

What does the granular layer do

A

Excites purkinje cells

62
Q

What does exciting the purkinje cells do

A

Increases their inhibitory effects

63
Q

What are the only output neurons of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje cells

64
Q

What do the purkinje cells do

A

Utilize GABA to inhibit neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei

65
Q

What do the granule cells do (2)

A
  1. Utilize glutamate as an excitatory transmitter

2. Excite purkinje cells via axonal branches called parallel fibers

66
Q

What are intrinsic cells of the cerebellar cortex

A

Granule cells

67
Q

What are the inhibitory interneurons of molecular layer (2)

A
  1. Basket cells

2. Golgi cells

68
Q

What do the basket cells do

A

Utilize GABA to inhibit purkinje cells so that motor movement occurs

69
Q

What do the golgi cells do

A

Feedback inhibition on the mossy granule relay

70
Q

What are mossy and climbing fibers

A

Afferents that are excitatory

71
Q

What do the mossy and climbing fibers excite (2)

A
  1. Granule (mossy)

2. Purkinje (climbing fibers)

72
Q

True or False:

The mossy and climbing fibers give off collaterals as they enter the cerebellum and excite the deep cerebellar nuclei

A

True

73
Q

True or False:

All of the input to the cerebellum is excitatory

A

True

74
Q

True or False:

All of the efferents from the cerebellum are inhibitory

A

True

75
Q

True or False:

Basket cells wrap around the purkinje cells

A

True

76
Q

True or False:

Purkinje cells in all 4 zones project to different deep cerebellar nuclei

A

True

77
Q

What are the deep nuclei of the cerebellum (4)

A
  1. Dentate
  2. Interpositus
  3. Fastigial
  4. Vestibular nuclei
78
Q

What does the denate nucleus receive input from (1)

A
  1. Purkinje cells from the lateral zone of the cerebellum
79
Q

What does the interpositus nucleus receive input from (1)

A
  1. Intermediate zone
80
Q

What does the fastigial nucleus receive input from (1)

A
  1. Medial zone
81
Q

What does the vestibular nuclei receive input from (1)

A
  1. Flocculonodular lobe
82
Q

True or False:

Damage to the lobe causes damage to corresponding deep nuclei

A

True

83
Q

True or False:

Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex make tonically inhibitory connections onto the cerebellar nuclei

A

True

84
Q

Where do all outputs from the cerebellum originate from

A

Deep cerebellar nuclei

85
Q

True or False:

A lesion to the deep cerebellar nuclei has the same effect as a complete lesion of the entire cerebellum

A

True

86
Q

What are the 3 main functional roles of the cerebellum

A
  1. Coordination of movement the cerebellum modulates the timing and pattern of muscle activation during movement
  2. Maintenance of balance/equilibrium (in conjunction with the vestibular receptors and proprioceptors)
  3. Regulation of muscle ton modulates spinal cord and brainstem mechanisms involved in postural control
87
Q

Where is the cerebrocerebellum located

A

Lateral lobe

88
Q

Where is the spinocerebellum located

A

Medial lobe

89
Q

Where is the cerebellar vermis located

A

Medial lobe

90
Q

Where is the vestibulocerebellum located

A

Flocculonodular lobe

91
Q

What is the function of the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum

A

Motor planning of the extremities

92
Q

What motor pathway does the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum influence

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

93
Q

What is the function of the intermediate hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

Distal limb coordination

94
Q

What motor pathways does the intermediate hemisphere of the cerebellum influence (2)

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal tract

2. Rubrospinal tract

95
Q

What is the function of the vermis and flocculonodular lobe (4)

A
  1. Proximal limb and trunk coordination
  2. Regulation of muscle tone for posture and locomotion
  3. Balance
  4. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes
96
Q

What pathways do the vermis and flocculonodular lobe influence (5)

A
  1. Anterior corticospinal tract
  2. Reticulospinal tract
  3. Vestibulospinal tract
  4. Tectospinal tract
  5. Medial longitudinal fasciculus
97
Q

Cerebellar damge produces disorders in what (4)

A
  1. Movement
  2. Equilibrium
  3. Posture
  4. Motor learning
98
Q

What is a disturbance that alters the rate, direction, and extent of voluntary movements, abnormal gait and uncoordinated movements

A

Ataxia

99
Q

What is altered range of motion (misjudge distance)

A

Dysmetria

100
Q

What is oscillating motion of limbs or (especially) of head, during movement, often increasing as target approaches

A

Intention tremor

101
Q

What is nystagmus and head tilt

A

Vestibular signs

102
Q

What is slow and uneven in attempting fast hand alternating movements

A

Dysdiadochokinesis

103
Q

What is abnormalities in speech modulation, rate of speech, explosive scanning speech, slurred speech, irregular stress patterns, and vocalic and consonantal misarticulations

A

Dysarthia

104
Q

What is vestibulo-ocular reflex indicative of

A

Motor learning deficits

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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