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Neuro 2 > Primary sensory and Unimodal Association Cortex > Flashcards

Primary sensory and Unimodal Association Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What does unimodal mean

A

They respond to only one sensory system

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2
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for (4)

A
  1. Perception (conscious understanding of sensations)
  2. Integration of information from different sensory modalities
  3. Emotion, self, personality, intellect
  4. Consciousness
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3
Q

What is the cerebral cortex involved in (3)

A
  1. Simple sensory processing
  2. Higher cognitive and advanced intellectual functions
  3. Planning and executing complex, voluntary motor activities
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4
Q

True or False:

The cortex can be divided into anterior and posterior regions

A

True

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5
Q

What is the anterior region of the cortex used for

A

Expressiveness

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6
Q

What is the posterior region of the cortex used for

A

Receptiveness

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7
Q

True or False:

The insula is where you feel pain when watching something painful

A

True

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8
Q

True or False:

The cerebral cortex is the site of the highest order integration of sensory, motor, and consciousness activities

A

True

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9
Q

What does the gray matter of the cortex consist of

A

Cell bodies of neurons that are aranged in layers

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of regions in the cortex

A
  1. Primary cortices

2. Association cortices

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11
Q

What are the primary cortices used for

A

Directly receive sensory input or directly involved in production of eye movements

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12
Q

What are the association cortices used for

A

Important for more complex xortical functions

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13
Q

True or False:

The majority of the cerebral cortex is association cortex

A

True

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14
Q

What does glia mean

A

Glue

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15
Q

True or False:

The neocortex is a feature of mammalian brains

A

True

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16
Q

What does the neocortex cover

A

The cerebral hemispheres

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17
Q

True or False:

The neocortex consists of gray matter and unmyelinated fibers

A

True

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18
Q

What are the 2 neuron types in the neocortex and the percent

A
  1. Pyramidal neurons (80%)

2. Inhibitory interneurons (20%)

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19
Q

True or False:

Pyramidal neurons are largely excitatory but some are inhibitory

A

True

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20
Q

What is the most abundant cell type in the neocortex

A

Astrocytes

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21
Q

True or False:

Astrocytes are glial cells

A

True

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22
Q

How many layers are in the neocortex

A

6

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23
Q

True or false:

The neocortex is arranged in functional columns

A

True

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24
Q

True or False:

The structure of the neocortex is relatively uniform

A

True

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25
Q

True or False:

There is some repeated circuitry throughout the neocortex but there are exceptions

A

True

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26
Q

What is the exception to the neocortex having repeated circuitry

A

Primary motor cortex has no layer IV

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27
Q

What is layer IV

A

Thalamic input

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28
Q

True or False:

The primary motor cortex does have layer IV but it is extremely thin

A

True

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29
Q

Different areas of the neocortex vary as to (4)

A
  1. Overall thickness
  2. Thickness of the individual layers
  3. Differences in cell size
  4. Differences in cell density
30
Q

What are 3 important points about the functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Each cerebral hemisphere is concerned with the somatosensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body
  2. A few instructions are predominantly (though not exclusively) served by one cerebral hemisphere this phenomenon is described as laterality
  3. The assignment of a specific function to a specific region of the cortex is imprecise
31
Q

True or False:

The language centers are predominantly in the left hemisphere but we do use the right hemisphere for language processing

A

True

32
Q

Who came up with the concept that different parts of the brain did different things started with whom (phrenology)

A

Spurzheim and Gall

33
Q

What did the phrenologists say (2)

A
  1. A given area of the brain increases in size as does the overlying skull when its function is exercised
  2. A good clinician can by laying his or her hands of another’s head tell you what parts of the brain have been most exercised
34
Q

Who were the first to people to come up with localization (2)

A
  1. Peirre Paul Broca

2. Karl Wernicke

35
Q

What did Broca and Wernicke say about localization

A

Localized regions of the brain are specialized to perform specific cognitive functions

36
Q

What are the principles of localization and lateralization (2)

A
  1. Brian functions arise from both networks as well as localized functions
  2. Most structures and sensorimotor functions are distributed symmetrically in the brain
37
Q

True or False:

Focal brain lesions can cause specific deficits

A

True

38
Q

What causes false localization to occur

A

Many brain functions are mediate by networks involving multiple brain areas

39
Q

True or False:

There are also few but marked asymmetries in the brain

A

True

40
Q

What is the left hemisphere of the brain typically dominant for (2)

A
  1. Skilled motor functions

2. Dominant for language production

41
Q

What is the right hemisphere of the brain typically dominant for (1)

A
  1. Attentional mechanisms and spatial analysis
42
Q

True or False:

There is only one pineal gland

A

True

43
Q

What separates the primary motor and sensory cortex

A

The central sulcus

44
Q

True or False:

The primary motor cortex consists of pyramidal cells that direct muscle contraction

A

True

45
Q

True or False:
Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex receive somatic sensory information including touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

A

True

46
Q

Where is the auditory and olfactory cortex found

A

Temporal lobe

47
Q

Where does the gustatory cortex lie

A

Anterior portion of the insula and adjacent parts of the frontal lobes

48
Q

What are the association cortical areas important for

A

Integration of information

49
Q

True or False:

The association cortical areas are divided into unimodal and mulitmodal reigons

A

True

50
Q

What is unimodal

A

Relates to single primary region only

51
Q

What is multimodal

A

Intergrates information relating to multiple primary and unimodal regions

52
Q

True or False:

The association cortical areas function to associate individual bits of information for interpretation and coordination

A

True

53
Q

What are the functions of the association cortical areas (8)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Language
  3. Abstraction
  4. Creativity
  5. Judgement
  6. Emotion
  7. Attention
  8. Synthesis of movement
54
Q

Is most of the cortex unimodal or heteromodal

A

Heteromodal

55
Q

True or False:

The insula is where you can feel your heart beat

A

True

56
Q

True or False:

The insula is heteromodal for the majority of it

A

True

57
Q

True or False:

The insula is one of the oldest portions of the cortex

A

True

58
Q

What are the 3 essential characteristics of unimodal association cortex

A
  1. Neurons are almost exclusively responsive to stimulation of a single sensory modality
  2. The predominant cortical inputs are provided by the primary sensory cortex or by other unimodal regions in the same modality
  3. Damage leads to modality specific deficits confined to tasks guided by cues in that modality
59
Q

What are the 3 essential characteristics of multimodal association cortex

A
  1. Neuronal responses are not confined to a single sensory modality
  2. Cortical inputs originate from unimodal areas in more than on modality and/or from other heteromodal areas
  3. Damage leads to deficits that transcend a single modality
60
Q

True or False:
Heteromodal cortex intergrates information and commands from different association areas to perform higher order analytical functions

A

True

61
Q

What does the premotor cortex do (4)

A
  1. Predict consequences of behavior
  2. Plan future behavior
  3. Perform tasks using working memory
  4. Language production
62
Q

What does the posterior parietal cortex do (2)

A
  1. Language comprehension

2. Spatial awareness

63
Q

How did we get unimodal and heteromodal association cortices

A

White matter of the cerebrum

64
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter fibers

A
  1. Association fibers
  2. Commissural fibers
  3. Projection fibers
65
Q

What are association fibers

A

Interconnect portions of the cerebral cortex with those in the same cerebral hemisphere

66
Q

What are commissural fibers

A

Cross from one hemisphere to the other and permit communication between them

67
Q

What are projection fibers

A

Connect the cerebral cortex with other parts of the CNS including diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

68
Q

What layer do the fibers that tie the cortex together come from

A

Layer III

69
Q

True or False:

The heteromodal association cortex creates consciousness

A

True

70
Q

True or False:

Parietal cortex is huge on integration of information

A

True

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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