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Neuro 2 > Cranial Nerve II > Flashcards

Cranial Nerve II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the believed function of CN 0

A

Unconscious smell of pheromones

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2
Q

Optic nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Cerebrum (diechephalon)
Type: Sensory
Function: Vision

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3
Q

Oculomotor nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscles, lids, pupil contractions, lens shape

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4
Q

Trochlear nerve attach, type and function

A

Attach: Midbrain
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscle (downward and inward)

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5
Q

Trigeminal nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Both
Function: Face sensation and chewing

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6
Q

Abducens nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Motor
Function: Eye muscles

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7
Q

Facial nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Both
Function: Facial expressions, lip articulation, gustation (anterior tongue), and secretion of saliva and tears

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8
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Pons
Type: Sensory
Function: Hearing and equilibrium

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9
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Medulla
Type: Both
Function: Taste (posterior tongue), muscles at tongue base (gag reflex and swallowing), and phonation of pharynx

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10
Q

Vagus nerve attach, type, and function

A

Attach: Medulla
Type: Both
Function: Swallow, speak, parasympathetic visceral muscle movement, sensory info from the larynx, esophagus, trachea, and abdominal and thoracic viscera

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11
Q

True or False:

Color is an illusion created by the brain

A

True

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12
Q

True or False:

Cranial nerve II is the most accurate/veridical of the cranial nerves but isn’t perfect

A

True

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13
Q

True or False:

Vision is the only sensory system that provides accurate spatial info from a distance

A

True

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14
Q

What is the range of wavelengths our eye can perceive

A

390-740 nm

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15
Q

As you go right on the wavelength meter what happens to wavelength and frequency

A

Wavelength increases and frequency decreases

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16
Q

How fast does light move

A

300,000 km/s

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17
Q

True or False:

Light tends to travel in a straight line

A

True

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18
Q

What does light traveling in a straight line maintain

A

Spatial info

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19
Q

What is it called when you change the medium that light travels through changing it’s direction

A

Refraction

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20
Q

What is the process by which a beam of light spreading out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or edge

A

Diffraction

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21
Q

True or False:

Light is a particle and a wave

A

True

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22
Q

A long wavelength has what frequency and energy

A

Low frequency and energy

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23
Q

A short wavelength has what frequency and energy

A

High frequency and energy

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24
Q

What does wavelength correlate to perceptually

A

Hue/color

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25
Q

What does amplitude correlate to perceptually

A

Brightness

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26
Q

What does purity correlate to perceptually

A

Saturation

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27
Q

What is the most important perceptual cue

A

Color

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28
Q

White light contains what

A

Every wavelength

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29
Q

The human eye has how many layers and chambers

A

3 layers

2 chambers

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30
Q

What is the outer layer of the eye

A

Sclera and cornea

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31
Q

What is middle layer of the eye

A

Choroid, iris, and ciliary body

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32
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye

A

Retina

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33
Q

What is in the anterior chamber

A

Aqueous humor

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34
Q

What is in the posterior chamber

A

Vitreous humor

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35
Q

What is the vascular layer of the eye

A

Choroid

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36
Q

What is the major refracting medium of the eye

A

Cornea

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37
Q

True or False:

The retina is organized so that it is able to work under low and high light conditions

A

True

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38
Q

Is the retina mostly rods or cones

A

Rods

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39
Q

What side of the retina does the the right side of the world project on

A

The left hemiretina

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40
Q

What are the 3 colors the cones can perceive

A

Red, blue, and green

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41
Q

What color can the rods see

A

Black only

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42
Q

What bend light when it comes into the eye

A

Cornea and lens

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43
Q

What is the blind spot due to

A

Lack of photoreceptors on the optic disc

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44
Q

What is the process in which light is converted into electrical stimuli by rods and cones

A

Transduction

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45
Q

True or False:

Primates have inverted retinae

A

True

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46
Q

What is the deepest layer of the retina

A

The photoreceptors

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47
Q

What are the 5 cell types of the retina in order from superficial to deep

A
  1. Ganglion cells
  2. Bipolar cells
  3. Amacrine cells
  4. Horizontal cells
  5. Photoreceptors
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48
Q

What are closer to/synapse with the rods and cones the amacrine cells or the horizontal cells

A

Horizontal cells

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49
Q

What are closer to/synapse with the ganglion cells the amacrine cells or horizontal cells

A

Amacrine cells

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50
Q

What is at the optic disc

A

Axons to the brain and blood supply to the eye

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51
Q

What is the fovea

A

The location on the retina where there is the highest concentration of cones and no rods

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52
Q

Where on the retina does the clearest part of our world fall

A

Fovea

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53
Q

True or False:

What you focus on will be on the fovea

A

True

54
Q

What is the function of the horizontal and amacrine cells

A

Modulate the output by mostly inhibiting the cells

55
Q

True or False:

All special sense organs have bipolar cells

A

True

56
Q

What is an on center ganglion cell

A

Light onto the center of the cell will excite the cell but light not on the center will cause inhibition

57
Q

What is an off center ganglion cell

A

Light onto the center of the cell will inhibit the cell but light not on the center will cause excitation

58
Q

What does central surrounding antagonism help with

A

Determine edges and features

59
Q

How many rods are in the eyes

A

125 million

60
Q

True or False:

Rods respond fairly consistently to all wavelengths of light

A

True

61
Q

True or False:

Rods are achromatic

A

True

62
Q

What does achromatic mean

A

Can’t discriminate wavelenghts

63
Q

How many photopigments do rods have

A

1

64
Q

What is the name of the photopigment of the rod

A

Rhodopsin

65
Q

What is the maximum sensitivity of rods

A

500 nm

66
Q

How many cones do we have

A

7 million

67
Q

True or False:

Cones respond preferentially to specific wavelengths

A

True

68
Q

How many photopigments do the cones have

A

3

69
Q

What is the name of the photopigments of cones

A

iodopsins

70
Q

True or False:

Each cone is maximally sensitive to a different portion of the spectrum

A

True

71
Q

What color corresponds to short, medium, and long wavelengths

A

Short: blue/violet 420 nm
Medium: Green 530 nm
Long: Red 650 nm

72
Q

How did cones originally form

A

They were mutations of rods

73
Q

Where are red cones the most common

A

In the periphery

74
Q

What is the maximum wavelength considered

A

The color the cone responds to

75
Q

Do rods enable vision in conditions of low or high light

A

Low light (night vision)

76
Q

What does loss of rods produce

A

Night blindness

77
Q

True or False:

Rods are relatively light sensitive

A

True

78
Q

True or False:

Rods contain more photopigments than cones

A

True

79
Q

Do rods require more or less photons than cones do to elicit maximal response

A

Less

80
Q

True or False:

Cones are responsible for day vision

A

True

81
Q

True or False:

Cones are relatively light sensitive

A

True

82
Q

Do cones contain more or less photopigment than rods

A

Less

83
Q

How many photons are required to elicit a response from a cone

A

100s

84
Q

Do rods provide clear images and why

A

No because they are looking at so much of the visual field

85
Q

How many ganglion cell axons are there that exit the retina and go to the brain

A

1 million

86
Q

Do rods converge or not

A

Converge

87
Q

Do cones converge or not

A

Don’t converge

88
Q

Do cones provide clear images and why

A

Yes, because the only gather light of a small part of the visual field

89
Q

Do rods have a high degree of convergence or low

A

High

90
Q

What does the high degree of convergence in the rods allow for

A

See well under conditions of low light

91
Q

What does high convergence do to spatial resolution

A

Inhibits it so image is fuzzy

92
Q

True or False:

There are no rods in the fovea

A

True

93
Q

Do cones have a high degree of convergence or low

A

Low

94
Q

What is the ratio of cones to ganglion cells at the fovea

A

1:1

95
Q

What does low convergence do to spatial resolution

A

Excellent spatial resolution so very clear image

96
Q

Is there convergence of the cones onto ganglion cells in the fovea

A

Nope

97
Q

Is the distribution of rods and cones the same on the retina

A

Nope

98
Q

True or False:

As you get closer to the fovea there are more rods but not rods in the fovea

A

True

99
Q

Do rods and cones have action potentials or graded potentials

A

Graded potentials

100
Q

Do rods and cones have axons

A

No, this is why they cannot fire action potentials

101
Q

Where does the first action potential occur in the retina

A

The ganglion cells

102
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus

A

It is in charge of how to correct imbalances on the outside

103
Q

Where do ganglion cell axons project to (4)

A
  1. Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
  2. Superior colliculi
  3. Some brainstem nuclei
  4. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
104
Q

What are in charge of the perceptual aspects of vision

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

105
Q

What are in charge of the non-perceptual aspects of vision (3)

A
  1. Superior colliculi
  2. Some brainstem nuclei
  3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
106
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus’ role

A

Circadian rhythm

107
Q

Are parasol cells poly or monochromatic

A

Monochromatic

108
Q

Do parasol cells have large or small cell bodies and receptive fields

A

Large

109
Q

What do parasol cells process

A

Movement and gross features of a stimulus

110
Q

What do the parasol cells project via and to

A

Via large diameter fibers to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

111
Q

Do midget cells have large or small cell bodies and receptive fields

A

Small

112
Q

Are there a lot or a little midget cells

A

Numerous

113
Q

What do midget cells do

A

Process fine detail and color

114
Q

What do the midget cells project via and to

A

Small diameter fibers to parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

115
Q

How does the image come in on the retina

A

Upside down and backwards

116
Q

What happens at the optic chiasm

A

Info from the eyes divides

117
Q

Where is the right visual field represented on the retina

A

The left hemiretina of each eye

118
Q

What fibers cross at the optic chiasm

A

Medial fibers

119
Q

Where is information from the right visual field sent for processing

A

The left visual cortex

120
Q

What do the 2 visual cortices share info with each other via

A

Splenium of the corpus callosum

121
Q

What layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are parvocellular layers

A

Top 4

122
Q

What layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus are magnocellular layers

A

Bottom 2

123
Q

What do the parvocellular layers receive input from

A

Retinal ganglion midget cells

124
Q

What do the parvocellular layers send output to

A

Primary visual cortex (4Cb)

125
Q

What do the magnocellular layers receive input from

A

Retinal ganglion parasol cells

126
Q

What do the magnocellular layers send output to

A

Primary visual cortex (4Ca)

127
Q

Where in the internal capsule do the optic radiations travel to get to the visual cortex

A

Posterior limb

128
Q

Where do radiations from the lateral geniculate nucleus travel (2)

A
  1. Up and over ventricles through the parietal lobe

2. Up and over ventricles through the temporal lobe

129
Q

What radiations/pathways go to the temporal lobe

A

Detail orientation so parvocellular pathways

130
Q

What radiations/pathways go to the parietal lobe

A

Spatial orientation so magnocellular pathways

131
Q

What does damage to the temporal lobe radiations cause

A

Trouble with what they are looking at

132
Q

What does damage to the parietal lobe radiations cause

A

Trouble with where they are looking

Neuro 2 (20 decks)

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