Second Half of Chapter 29 and Chapter 30

Question 1

causes of World War 1

Answer 1

Imperialism: Claiming different lands to be the biggest.
Militarism: competition for biggest army
Nationalism: being like “YAYYY WE’RE THE BEST COUNTRY”
Military alliances: France and Russia agreed to help each other if either was threatened by Germany, Brit and France agreed to help each other if the vital interests of both were threatened, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance and agreed to go to war if anyone was attacked by any two other states

Question 2

Franz Ferdinand

Answer 2

The Archduke of Austria-Hungary (the heir expected to have the throne next)

He was sent to attend a ceremony in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 25, 1914

Terrorists from the nationalism group “The Black Hand” threw a bomb at Ferdinand’s car, but it bounced off.
Assassin Gavrillo Princip shot the Archduke and his wife, Sophie bc the Archduke’s car had to back up after taking a wrong turn

His death sparked the Great War

Question 3

Gavrilo Princip

Answer 3

The assassin that shot the Archduke and his wife

Question 4

Wilhelm II

Answer 4

Kaiser wilhelm 2, leader of germany, promises full support for austria-hungary

Question 5

Franz Josef

Answer 5

The uncle of the Archduke Franz Ferdinard

Question 6

Central Powers vs. Allies

Answer 6

Central Powers= Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allies= France, Brit, Russia (later Japan, Italy, and the US)

Both sides asked US for financial support but many Americans were anti-german from the onset and it became difficult for Germany to trade with the us due to blockades

Question 7

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 7

Wilson (D) defeated Chares Evans Hughes (R) with the slogan, “He Kept Us Out of War”
Republicans condemned the Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson’s foreign policy

Question 8

Sussex Pledge

Answer 8

The Sussex was torpedoed in March 1916
The Sussex Pledge: in return for ending unrestricted submarine warfare, the Germans wanted Brits to break the “hunger blockade” which was preventing fertilizer from entering Germany

Question 9

unrestricted submarine warfare

Answer 9

Germany halted unrestricted sub warfare for about 6 months, but Britain ultimately refused to honor the Sussex pledge

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare policy, resumed with gusto on 1/31/1917, targeted all ships, including America, in the war zone
Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany following the failure of the Sussex Pledge and asked Congress for the authority to arm merchant vessels

Question 10

Zimmerman note

Answer 10

The Zimmerman note: the German foreign secretary secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance. The note was intercepted and published.

Question 11

Russian Revolution

Answer 11

The aftermath of the russian Revolution (Feb 1917) menat that the allies were all democracies (for the time being)
Communists took over in the Oct 1917 revolution. Czar Nicholas 2 and his family were killed in July 1918)

Question 12

Fourteen Points

Answer 12

Wilson’s twin goals:
“A war to end all war”
“A crusade to make the world safe for democracy”
In order to win over isolationists, Wilson spoke of America’s altruism (encouraging democracy worldwide( in contrast to the selfish war aims of the enemy)

The points included provisions for:
Abolition of secret treaties
Freedom of the seas
Removal of economic barriers between nations
Reduction of armaments
Adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of native people
Self-determination for native people
A plan for a league of nations (wilson felt this to be most vital)
Republicans called the plan a “fourteen commandments” of “God-Almighty Wilson”)

Question 13

League of Nations

Answer 13

This was one of Wilson’s 14 points, meant to unite the nations so there wouldn’t be a repeat of ww1. the US never ended up joining it lol

Question 14

Espionage & Sedition acts

Answer 14

The Espionage Act was used to target traitors while the Sedition Act limited wartime speech
Both acts reflected fears about Germans and antiwar Americans
Social leader Eugene Debs and labor leader “Big Bill” Haywood of the IWW were convicted under the Espionage Act
Debs was released early from prison by President Harding in 1921 due to poor health
Schenck v US (1919) affirmed the legality of these acts; freedom of speech could be revoked when speech poses a clear and present danger to the nation
The Espionage Act is still in effect today. The Sedition Act was repealed in Dec 1920

Question 15

propaganda campaign for the war

Answer 15

The Food Administration, headed by Herbert Hoover, used a propaganda campaign based on voluntary compliance.
“Wheatless” wednesdays, “meatless” tuesdays, led to a 15% reduction in food consumption in America
People were urged to grow “victory gardens”
No ration cards

Question 16

NAWSA

Answer 16

The National American Woman Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt was a part of it

Question 17

Alice Paul

Answer 17

Militant leader Alice Paul of the National Women’s Party led the “silent sentinels” in picketing in front of the White House for over a year (they were fighting for women suffrage); some (like Paul) were arrested and sent to jails or workhouses
Paul staged a hunger strike while in jail; she was transferred to a mental asylum and was subjected to force-feeding

Question 18

Carrie Chapman Catt

Answer 18

President Wilson was finally won (to let women have suffrage) over by the less militant Carrie Chapman Catt of NAWSA, who pointed to women’s patriotism during the war

Question 19

19th Amendment

Answer 19

Militant leader Alice Paul of the National Women’s Party led the “silent sentinels” in picketing in front of the White House for over a year; some (like Paul) were arrested and sent to jails or workhouses
Paul staged a hunger strike while in jail; she was transferred to a mental asylum and was subjected to force-feeding
President Wilson was finally won over by the less militant Carrie Chapman Catt of NAWSA, who pointed to women’s patriotism during the war
It took several attempts to pass the legislation through Congress
In 1920s, the 19th Amendment was ratified, giving women the right to vote

Question 20

18th Amendment

Answer 20

Wartime Prohibition: congress passed restriction on production of alcohol to save grains
The 18th Amendment was ratified in Jan 1918
The Volstead Act was passed in Oct 1919 and went into effect in Jan 1920. It was enacted to carry out the 18th Amendment
Prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the 21st Amendment

Question 21

Volstead Act

Answer 21

This is an act to prohibit intoxicating beverages

The 18th Amendment was ratified in Jan 1918
The Volstead Act was passed in Oct 1919 and went into effect in Jan 1920. It was enacted to carry out the 18th Amendment

Question 22

selective service

Answer 22

The draft required all men between 18 and 45 to register

No substitutes were permitted by men in key industries like shipbuilding were exempt (work or fight rule)
4 million men served in the army as “GIs”
For the first time, women were admitted to the Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard
The Army refused to take women on an official basis
Many stayed stateside, others provided nursing and transportation services overseas
Black soldiers served in segregated units under white officers. No integration of armed forces until Truman admin
“Doughboys” received little training

Question 23

American Expeditionary Force

Answer 23

Members of the American Expeditionary Force, led by General John J Pershing fought in France, Belgium, Italy, and Russia

It was a formation of the United States Armed Forces on the Western Front during World War I.

Question 24

“Big Four”

Answer 24

The “big four” met in Paris after the war: President Wilson (USA), Prime Minister David Lloyd George (GB), Premier Georges Clemenceau (France), and Premier Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Wilson angered Republicans by going to Paris. He was seen as “grandstanding” and he didn’t bring any Republicans with him
Wilson’s main goal was pressing the others to agree to a League of Nations. The allies agreed. Wilson would only pushed through 4 of his 14 points
Ho Chi Minh came to Versallies to petition for Vietnam’s independence, but he was turned away from the meeting. So much for advocating self-determination smh

Question 25

Versailles Treaty

Answer 25

(1919)

Former German colonies were parceled out amongst the Allies
German lost about 13.5% of its 1914 territory
The German army and navy were both limited
The Germans were initially charged 400 billion dollars (in 2014 money lol) They paid off 17 of this by 1932, and did not pay it off fully until October 2010.

Question 26

Henry Cabot Lodge and Irreconcilables

Answer 26

Opposition to the Versailles Treaty was led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and the “irreconcilables.”
They didn’t like Article X, which morally bound the US to aid any member country victimized by external aggression
Lodge penned the “14 formal reservations” and attached them to the treaty
The treaty was brought up for vote twice but was defeated both times. (It might have passed, but only when the Lodge Reservations attacked. Wilson sent a message to “all true Democrats” to vote against the treaty with the Lodge reservations attached)
The US was technically still at war w Germany until 1921, when Congress passed a joint resolution to end the hostilities

Question 27

Warren Harding

Answer 27

The Republicans had an ambiguous platform. They nominated Senator Warren G. Harding (running with Calvin Coolidge)

Harding was vague on the League issue, saying that he would support an association of nations.
The Democrats nominated James M. Cox (running with FDR) on a platform supported the League

Eugene V. Debs (in jail at the time) had the largest vote ever for the Socialist Party (over 919,000 votes)

Harding won, and its said that its perhaps aided by the fact that this was the first election in which women could vote and he was very handsome

Question 28

isolationism

Answer 28

The US went back to being isolationist after the war— they stayed out of foreign affairs

Question 29

“red scare”

Answer 29

The “red scare” of 1919-20 resulted in a crusade against communists, socialists, and anarchists.
Why? Presence of a communist party in the US following the Bolshevik Revolution
Intense nationalism and nativism
An epidemic of strikers (blamed on communists’ influence)

Question 30

Palmer Raids

Answer 30

After a bomb exploded outside his home, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (“The Fighter Quaker”) rounded up suspected radicals (around 6k in all)
Others were also sent package bombs: 2 senators, 3 cabinet members, a Supreme Court justice, Rockefeller, and Morgan. A night watchman was killed.

Agents raided gathering places of known radicals around the country. 4k were arrested for violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts. 500 alleged alien radicals were deported to the Soviet Union in 1919
Everyone involved in the raids (including Palmer) was eventually fired due to the negative press coverage and opposition from the Dept of Labor
J. Edgar Hoover was considered innocent bc he was young (24) and just “following orders.” Hoover became the Acting Director of the FBI following the mass firings at the FBI

Question 31

criminal syndicalism laws

Answer 31

Some states passes similar syndicalism laws, which made it unlawful to advocate violence to secure social change

Question 32

Sacco & Vanzetti

Answer 32

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted in 1921 of the murder of a MA paymaster and his guard. They were Italian-Americans, atheists, anarchists, and draft dodgers.
The judge and jury were prejudiced. The men were convicted on circumstantial evidence
The two were electrocuted in 1927, becoming martyrs to the radical cause

Question 33

KKK Resurgence

Answer 33

The Klan re-emerged in the 1920s: strongly nativist, anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifists, anti-communist, etc
The KK had strength in the South and Midwest. About 5 million dues-paying members
The Klan called for the “Americanization” of school texts, loyalty oaths for teachers, and immigration legislation

Question 34

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Answer 34

The Emergency Quota of 1921 set a quota of 3% of the national origins base per the 1910 census

Question 35

Immigration Act of 1924

Answer 35

The Immigration Act of 1924 lowered quirks from 3% to 2% and shifted the national origins area to the 1980 census

Question 36

problems with Prohibition

Answer 36

The enforcement of the 18th Amendment was hampered by the following:
Many felt self-denial was inappropriate in the aftermath of the Great War. Legislators were hypocritical (drinking at home), there were few state and federal enforcement officals, hard alcohol cocktails were consumed in staggered volume by both sexes, home brew and bootlegging became popular, the rich could afford to buy all the alcohol they wanted, “Speakeasies” replaced “men only” saloons

A new age of crime arose with wars between gangs
Bribery of police was common, criminals made anywhere from 12-18 billion dollars a year (about 3 times the amount the gov made)
“Scarface” AL Capone made millions and was branded “Public Enemy No 1”
Capone was never convicted of involvement in murders, like the St Valentines Day Massacre, but he was found guilty of tax evasion and spent time in Alcatraz
He died after his release from complications due to syphilis

Question 37

Scopes Trial

Answer 37

This trial was about if evolution should be taught in schools or not. John Scopes had purposely broke the law and taught it so that the trial could be had
William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor in the Scopes case, saying that it shouldnt be taught
Clarence Darrow, one of the best of his time, defended Scopes. He placed Bryan on the stand and interrogated him about events in the Bible
Darrow asked the jury to find Scopes guilty so the defense could get on with the business of appealing the case to the Supreme Court, and he was considered guilty.
The Butler Bill (the bill that prohibited public school teachers from teaching evolution) stayed on the books for a bit
Bryan died 4 days after the trial ended.
A lot of people brought monkeys to be like “you think humans came from these creatures?”
In 1927, 19 state legislatures considered banning Darwin from their schools. All the proposals failed
Evolution moved back into textbooks in the 1950s, as the US entered the Space Race with the USSR

(Bryan, Darrow, Scopes, fundamentalism vs. modernism),

Question 38

Henry Ford (Model T, Fordism, $5 day)

Answer 38

Henry Ford didn’t invent the gasoline engine, but he revolutionized car producing by using the assembly line (Fordism) and paying workers 5 dollars a day. Ford’s Model-T was never popular. By 1914, 500k had been produced
By 1910 there were 69 diff car companies producing 181k cars a year
Detriot became the “Motor City” due to the success of efficiency manager Frederick W. Taylor, the “Father of Scientific Management”

Question 39

the Wright Bros

Answer 39

The first flight
Orville and Wilbur Wright, Kitty Hawk, NC, Dec 17, 1903 (12 seconds at 120 feet

Question 40

Charles Lindbergh

Answer 40

Charles Lindbergh, “Lucky Lindy” piloted his Spirit of ST Louis from NY to Paris in 33 hours, 9 mins. There was a 25k prize offered by Raymond Oreig to be the first person to fly across the Atlantic)

Question 41

National Women’s Party (Alice
Paul)

Answer 41

Alice Paul’s National Women’s Party began to campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in 1923.

Question 42

Margaret Sanger

Answer 42

She led the birth control movement (advocating the use of condoms)
Sanger’s mom had died at age 48 after 18 pregnancies. Sanger had 3 kids herself
To symbolize women’s oppression, Sanger gave lectures wearing a mask while she wrote on a blackboard
Sanger was a socialist. Her fight was mainly to allow info about birth control to be sent through the mail.
The Comstock Law was repealed in 1936; by 1950 condoms were widely available in the US)

Question 43

“Lost Generation”

Answer 43

A new gen of writers in the “Lost Generation” questioned social convention and traditional authority
Examples: F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby) Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, E.E. Cummings, etc

Question 44

Harlem Renaissance

Answer 44

The Harlem neighborhood in NYC showcased Black artists achievements in visual art, literature, jazz music, and performance art during the 1910-1935 time period

Question 45

United Negro Improvement Association (Marcus Garvey)

Answer 45

As a pan-Africanist, he also wanted to end colonial rule in Africa and unify Africa under his government
Gavrey sought to bring some Black Americans to Africa using his company, the Black Star Line
His popularity waned following news of his collaboration with the KKK. He helped radical separatist views, like the KKK and he thanked the South for Jim Crow laws. This led to the “Garvey Must Go!” campaign

Garvey held views that were prejudicial against mixed-race people and Jewish people (blaming them for his conviction). Garvey was convicted of mail fraud for illegally selling company stock, served two years in prison, and then was deported after President Coolidge commuted his sentence. His viewpoints later inspired both the Nation of Islam and the Black Power movement. He is viewed as a national hero in Jamaica.

Question 46

Andrew Mellon’s “spare the rich” policies

Answer 46

Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon shifted the tax burden onto the middle-income bracket. He served under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Mellon believed that high taxes prevented the rich from investing in capital investments (like factories) and instead in tax-exempt securities
Congress repealed the excess-profits tax, abolished the gift tax, reduced excise, income, and estate taxes.
Mellon did reduce the national debt by 10 billion dollars (from 16 billion to about 16 billion)