Chapters 37 and 38

Question 1

LBJ

Answer 1

Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the US from 1963-1969. He was sworn in after Kennedy died.

PRESIDENT LBJ
Believed FDR was his “political daddy”
Supported New Deal policies
Served in both the House and the Senate (minority and Majority Leader roles)
Got what he wanted by giving people the “Johnson treatment”- backslapping, flesh-pressing, and arm-twisting
Fun Fact: while visiting the Vatican, LBJ was given a 14th-century painting from the Vatican art collection; he responded with a gift of a bust of himself
LBJ declared a “War on Poverty.” Various economic measures were planned to combat poverty in his domestic program

Johnson does a lot of Civil Rights, fulfilling Kennedy’s dreams (look at the slideshow timeline)
Fear of Goldwater, fondness for Kennedy’s legacy and faith in the Great Society gave LBJ the landslide victory in 1964

LBJ’S FAILURES AND TRIUMPHS
Failures: Vietnam was a fail. It took money away from Great Society programs. HE DIDN’T RUN FOR PRESIDENT AGAIN BC OF IT. Inflation increased. The War on Poverty was lost.
Triumphs: Civil RIghts was a victory, Great Society programs like Head Start and Medicare were successes
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 barred employers from discriminating based on race, sex, or national origin, Affirmative action programs were started

Question 2

Robert Kennedy

Answer 2

Robert Kennedy was gonna run for president as a Democrat in the election of 1968 but was shot and killed while on a campaign. He was killed on June 5, 1968, by Sirhan Sirhan, an Arab immigrant who strongly opposed Kennedy’s support of Israel)

Question 3

Weathermen

Answer 3

The Weathermen (a military SDS offshoot) believed in violent protest, like Chicago’s “Days of Rage on Oct. 1969

Question 4

Civil Rights (Act) of 1964

Answer 4

This act prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin.

Question 5

SALT I

Answer 5

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) froze the numbers of long-range missiles allowed for a 5-year period (ratified in 1972) and both nations violated the agreement by producing Multiple Independently Targeted Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs)

Question 6

dètente

Answer 6

The origin of the détente policy stamps from Kennedy’s idea of peaceful coexistence w the Soviets. Nixon’s visits resulted in detente (relaxed tension) between the US and the world’s two largest communist powers. Detente was failing with Ford.

Question 7

N.O.W.

Answer 7

National Organization for Women (N.O.W.) 1966. It consisted mainly of upper-middle-class white women.
Key leaders were Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique, and Gloria Steinen, who was the founder of “Ms.” Magazine. She said- “The personal is political”
An integrated radical feminist movement did not develop in the 1960s and 70s, partly due to the perceived racism inherent in the movement

Women used the media to their advantage and appealed to Congress to change laws. Successes were Title 9 (laws outlawing gender discrimination in education and college sports), banning of employment discrimination against pregnant women, establishment of “irreconcilable differences” as a grounds for divorce
“Conscious-raising groups” explored topics such as family life, education, sex, and work. Issues like abortion and rape were discussed openly
The FBI used hundreds of paid female informants to spy on the women’s movement

Question 8

Yippies

Answer 8

Abbie Hoffman was a co-founder of the “Yippies” (Youth International Party). The Yippies were anti-war and wanted free speech. They are known for their pranks and have been described as highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian, and anarchists.

Question 9

Kent State

Answer 9

When American college students learned about troops entering Cambodia, they staged protests on the college campuses.
On May 1, 1970, four students were killed at Kent State (Ohio). They died bc the National Guard shot at the crowd.

Question 10

My Lai massacre

Answer 10

(1968)
American troops massacred men, women, and children during a search-and-destroy mission (to root out the enemy) in My Lai and My Khe (two hamlets of the Son My village nicknamed “Pinkville: by the US army)
The US Army says 347 died, but a memorial at Ly Lai stated that 504 died
Lt. William Calley Jr, the commanding officer, was the only one found guilty- he served 3.5 years under house arrest
American troops were called “baby killers” following the widespread media attention given to this atrocity

Question 11

Free Speech movement

Answer 11

The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley (1964) originated with the banning of activist literature on campus

Question 12

SDS

Answer 12

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) planned protests at college campuses.

Question 13

Vietnamization

Answer 13

By Jan 1970, the Vietnam conflict had become the longest in US history and the 3rd bloodiest. Nixon decided that American troops would be gradually withdrawn from S. Vietnam and the S. Vietnamese would take over the burden, referred to as Vietnamization.

Question 14

Nixon Doctrine

Answer 14

Nixon stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but Asians and others would have to fight their own wars in the future without the support of American troops. This starts “New Isolationist, From ww2 to Nixon, where is more intervention, but Nixon starts going back into isolationist

Question 15

Barry Goldwater

Answer 15

Barry Goldwater (R)
Goldwater was an extremely conservative senator from AZ who attacked LBJ’s Great Society programs and remaining New Deal programs. This man is the one who started the conservative moment

The main issue was Vietnam: LBJ alleged that Goldwater would expand American involvement more than he would

He lost the election of 1964

Question 16

Stonewall Riot

Answer 16

Members of NYC’s gay community demonstrated against a violent raid by police officers (The bar was owned by the mafia who didn’t get a warning that the police were coming) on the Stonewall Inn bar in Greenwich Village on June 18, 1969.
Police arrested 13 people for bootlegged alcohol and dress code violations (men wearing womens clothing and such) A riot followed and the Inn was set on fire. Protests continued for 5 days
The first gay pride parade was held in NYC a year later (1970)
The rebellion helped to galvanize the LGBT political activism movement

Question 17

Warren Court

Answer 17

Judicially active, this court passed a number of decisions that dealt with social issues.
Brown v Board (1954)- desegregation of schools
Engel v Vitale (1962, required prayer in schools found unconstitutional)
Griswold v Connecticut (1965, found CT law preventing use of contraception by married couples unconstitutional)
Miranda v Arizona (1966, provides rights to the accused)
Tinker v Des Moines School District (1969, prevents public schools from prohibiting free speech of students unless it disrupt the educational process)

Question 18

Tet Offensive

Answer 18

(JAN. 1968)
Tet- the Lunar New Year
The Viet Cong (NVA) mounted coordinated attacks on 27 key S. Viet cities. It took weeks for General Westmoreland’s troops to regain them. North Viet would travel the Ho Chi Minh trail, and even tho the US bombed it multiple times (bringing the war into other countries like Laos and Cambodia) but people kept fighting the trail
Johnson wept after signing letters of condolence
Opposition to the war grew stronger as the Joint Chiefs called for 200k more men
Johnson began to doubt his raise-the-stakes decision.

Question 19

Burger Court

Answer 19

Warren Burger succeeded Earl Warren as chief justice in 1969. Nixon sought to put appointees on the bench that would stop meddling in social and political issues
However, the Burger Court proved reluctant to dismantle the ruling of the Warren Court, even with 4 Nixon appointees on the Court
Roe v Wade (1973, right to abortion)
In June 2022, the Court overturned the ruling in the Dobbs case. The Court stated that the right to an abortion is neither “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition) nor is it considered a right under the 14th Amendment’s due process clause.

Question 20

Rachel Carson

Answer 20

Her book, “Silent Spring,” was about the dangers of pesticides. It also aided in the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (SHA) in 1970.

Question 21

Port Huron Statement

Answer 21

SDS’s Port Huron Statement (written by Tom Hayden) called for the inclusion of all Americans in the democratic process

Question 22

Great Society

Answer 22

LBJ declared a “War on Poverty.” Various economic measures were planned to combat poverty in his domestic program
Public support was aroused by Michael Harrington’s “The other America” in which it was revealed that 20% of Americans (and 40% of the African American population) lived in poverty

The Great Society Congress (like FDR’s “Hundred Days” Congress) achieved aid to education, Medicare, and Medicaid (a big one), a a voting rights bill to outlaw literacy tests (1965) and immigration reform

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended the national-origins quota system (gets rid of the Emergency Quota of 1921/ Immigration Act of 1924), set limits on the number of immigrants from the Western Hemisphere, and allowed for “Family unification”
1 billion dollars was set aside to develop Appalachia
Department of Transportation (DOT) and Housing and Urban Development (HUD) became cabinet offices
Head Start (preschool program) and the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities were created
Johnson does a lot of Civil Rights, fulfilling Kennedy’s dreams (look at the slideshow timeline)

Question 23

Cointelpro

Answer 23

Johnson encouraged the CIA to spy on antiwar activists and the FBI used its counterintelligence program (Cointelpro) against the peace movement

Question 24

Hubert Humphrey

Answer 24

Hubert Humphrey (Johnson’s VP) won the Democratic nomination over Eugene McCarthy. (antiwar candidate “Get Clean for Gene” children’s crusade. He was popular with the young college kids, but not many of them voted)

Question 25

George Wallace

Answer 25

The American Independent Party ran George Wallace, former governor of Alabama (who was racist and in favor of bombing N. Viet to smithereens) He was famous for standing in front of the Uni of Alabama to prevent black students from entering
He said “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!”
Wallace received 46 electoral votes

Question 26

Richard Nixon

Answer 26

The Republicans nominated Richard Nixon with Sprio Agnew- the two are tough on crime and called for “peace with honor: in Vietnam
Nixon was dubbed the “Law and Order President”
The 1970 Controlled Substances Act started the war on drugs
Nixon won, aided by his sabotaging of the Vietnam peace talks
Proof of this (the Chennault Affair) was only recently been discovered, so Nixon was never charged with treason

Nixon expanded many of the Great Society programs that conservative Republicans denounced: food stamps, Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Supplementary Security Income (SSI), the “Philadelphia Plan” (Affirmative action now conferred privileges on certain groups, rather than simply protecting individuals from discrimination

Nixon won by a landslide in the election of 1972, aided by: Kissinger’s announcement days before the election that “peace was at hand” in Viet and also Nixon’s “southern strategy’ that reduced federal pressure to desegregate schools and curbing the Court’s judicial activism. (you need to know this)

NIXON’S “MADMAN” STRATEGY FAILS
Mixon came into office with a plan to make North Viet and the Soviets believe that he was crazy enough to use nukes to end the war. Operation Duck Hook (1969) included options on dropping nukes on N. Viet and even possibly invade it.
In secret talks with the N Viets, National Security advisor Kissinger threatened the use of “measures of great force” against them if they didn’t surrender
Even though Nixon said publicly that he would be intimidated by the war protestors, he was deeply affected by the Vietnam Moratorium day (Oct 15, 1969) and the March against Death (mid Nov) He turned away from the extreme measures of Op. Duck Hook, yet he refused to give up, fighting the war for another three years

He resigned after WATERGATE (know what Watergate is)

Question 27

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Answer 27

THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION, 1964
“Provocative (depends on how you look at it. Some say it was extra, others say it was justified)” N. Vietnamese attacks on the Maddox in the Tonkin Gulf (August 2nd and 4th) led to Johnson pressuring Congress into signing the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. This gave the president a “blank check” to use American forces in Southeast Asia
The first attack may have been Viet self-defense and it now seems that the second never happened due to a storm and malfunctioning radar equipment)

In 1971, the Senate repealed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution.

Question 28

Abbie Hoffman

Answer 28

Abbie Hoffman- co-founder of the “Yippies” (Youth International Party), known for being theatrical, anti-authoritarian, and anarchist

Question 29

The “Silent Majority”

Answer 29

Nixon believed that he was supported by most Americans, yet their voices were not heard over the criticism of the media. (There are parallels to trump lol)
He spoke for the “forgotten American- non-shooters, non-demonstaters, that are not racists or sick, that are not guilty of crime that plagues the land”
VP Agney was unleashed against the media, calling them “the effete corps of impudent snobs” and “nattering nabobs of negativism,”

Question 30

War Powers Resolution/ War Powers Act

Answer 30

In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution: Requires the president to report to Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to a foreign conflict, forbids armed forces from remaining more than 60 days without a declaration of war or authorization to use force by Congress

Question 31

EPA

Answer 31

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in 1970 due to Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” (about the dangers of pesticides)

Question 32

OPEC

Answer 32

In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined with Venezuela to form the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel.
When the Arab Oil embargo was lifted in 1974, OPEC quadrupled the price of crude oil

OPEC raised prices after the Iranian Revolution, and Americans waited at long lines at gas pumps

Question 33

stagflation

Answer 33

SOURCES OF STAGNATION
“Stagflation” - stagnation (of the median family income) plus inflation (caused by military spending and Great Society programs with no increase in taxes)
Women had teens entered the workforce but had fewer skills and were more likely to work part-time
Oil prices rose dramatically during the 1970s (remember)
The US shifted from a manufacturing to a service-based economy

Question 34

CREEP

Answer 34

The five men caught during Watergate were working for the Republican Committee for the Re-election of the President/ The Committee for the Re-election of the President (CREEP). This group was involved in dirty tricks, espionage, sabotage, etc. It was headed by G. Gordon Liddy

Question 35

George McGovern

Answer 35

THE ELECTION OF 1972
Nixon (R) vs George McGovern (D, SD Senator)
VIetnam dominated the campaign.
McGovern promised to withdraw troops from Vietnam within 90 days of his election
McGovern relied on getting young people to vote, yet less than half of the 18-21 age group registered!
McGovern’s campaign was doomed when it was revealed that Thomas Eagleton, his running mate, had recieved psychiatric care in the 1960s for manic depression. He was replaced with Sargent Shriver, JFK’s brother-in-law
Nixon won by a landslide, aided by: Kissinger’s announcement days before the electiona that “peace was at hand” in Viet and also Nixon’s “southern strategy’ that reduced federal presuure to desegreate schools and curbing the Court’s judicial activism. (you need to know this)

Question 36

ERA

Answer 36

The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) won congressional approval but failed to be ratified by 2/3 of the states. It dies in 1982, three states short.

Question 37

Stop-ERA

Answer 37

Phyllis Chalfy led the Stop-ERA movement. She argued that the law would undermine the American family bc it could require women to serve in combat, increase the divorce rate, and lead to homosexual marriage.

Question 38

Gerald Ford

Answer 38

VP Spiro Agnew was forced to reign on Oct 10, 1973, for taking bribes from Maryland contractors while he was governor and Vice President
Congress involved the 25th Amendment, replaced Agnew with Nixon committee Gerald Ford, (The House minority leader)
When Nixon resigned. Ford became President- the first unelected one
One of Ford’s first moves as President was to pardon Nixon, stating publicly that “our long national nightmare is over” (this is important to remember)

He was part of the Helsinki Accord, and ran for president in 1976 as a Republican, but lost to Carter, a Democrat.

Question 39

Iranian Revolution

Answer 39

THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
Shah Pahlavi’s regime was overthrown in Jan 1979 by supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini. Muslim fundamentalists resented the Shah’s campaign to westernize Iran.
Fundamentalists called the US “the Great Satan” and cut the flow of oil out of Iran
OPEC raised prices, and Americans waited in long lines at gas pumps
THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS
Nov 4, 1979: a mob of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking 52 occupants hostage They demanded the return of the Shah (who was receiving medical treatment in the US)
Carter had trouble freeing the hostages. He ordered a daring rescue mission that failed. A helicopter and plane collided, killing 8. Now Iran knows that the US is coming.
The hostages were eventually released after 444 days in exchange for a transfer of frozen Iranian assets. (The US negotiated w Iran through Alegria.) This was just after Reagan’s inauguration
THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
Carter embarked on an energy crusade to ease Americans’ dependence on oil- focus on alternative energy, like nuclear power. He put solar panels on the White House
Three Mile Island partial meltdown (March 1979) scared people: was nuclear power safe?
Carter gave an old-fashioned jeremiad about Americans falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in his “Malaise”/”Crisis of Confidence” Speech
More than half the states enacted odd-even gas rationing based on the last digit of the car’s license plate

Question 40

Woodward & Bernstein

Answer 40

Woodward and Bernstein broke the story of Watergate in the Washington Post after receiving information from an inside source that named “Deep Throat.” We now know that this was Mark Felt, an FBI agent.

Question 41

Spiro Agnew

Answer 41

The Republicans nominated Richard Nixon with Spiro Agnew- the two are tough on crime and called for “peace with honor: in Vietnam

VP Agnew was unleashed against the media, calling them “the effete corps of impudent snobs” and “nattering nabobs of negativism,”

Due to an unrelated fiasco, VP Spiro Agnew was forced to reign on Oct 10, 1973 for taking bribes from Maryland contractors while he was governor and Vice President
Congress involved the 25th Amendment, replaced Agnew with Nixon committee Gerald Ford, (The House minority leader)

Question 42

SALT II

Answer 42

A SALT 2 treaty was discussed in 1979 with Pres Carter but never ratified due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Question 43

U.S.S.R.

Answer 43

NIXON’S VISIT TO CHINA (1972)
(this is when the People’s Republic of China is recognized)
Nixon wanted to play China off the USSR and enlist the aid of both in pressuring N Vietnam into peace
National security advisor Dr. Henry Kissinger paved the way for the president’s trip to Beijing and Moscow
Nixon alarmed the Soviets by playing the “China Card” as they didn’t like the idea of a US-China alliance

THE SOVIETS REHEAT THE COLD WAR
The Soviets attacked Afghanistan in Dec 1979 and appeared ready to make a play for the oil-rich nations of the Persian Gulf.
The Soviets war in Afghanistan would be like the US war in Vietnam (and Afghanistan): long and costly
The Carter Doctrine stated that the US would defend its interest in the Persian Gulf (similar to Eisenhower Doctrine)
Carter placed an embargo on grain exports to the USSR and called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics
The Soviets and their satellite nations followed with a boycott of their own during the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

Question 44

Regents v. Bakke

Answer 44

Regents v. Bakke (1978): preference in admissions cant be given to members of any group solely based on ethnic or racial identity. Bakke, a white man, believed he has suffered reverse discrimination

Question 45

Milliken v. Bradley

Answer 45

Milliken v Bradley (1974): desegregation plans can’t require students to move across school-district lines. This exempted suburban districts from the desegregation of inner-city (like Detroit) schools.

Question 46

Neoconservatives

Answer 46

Neoconservatives fueled the conservative revival:
Pro-free-market capitalism
Economist Milton Friedman argued in “Free of Choose” that free markets were superior to solving social problems and protecting individual liberty
Questioned welfare program spending
Called for traditional family values (hetero people and pro-life)
Anti-Soviet
Advocated for the deregulation of American industries. President Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978

Question 47

the Helsinki Accords

Answer 47

(JULY 1975)
Ford and 34 other world leaders (35 in total) legitimized the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and other Eastern European countries.
The Soviets promised more liberal exchanges between East and West and promised to protect human rights. The Soviets, however, soon clamped down on dissident movements inspired by these accords.
Detente was failing.

Question 48

Saturday Night Massacre

Answer 48

In the “Saturday Night Massacre” (10/20/1973) Nixon ordered the firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who had been ordered to turn over the White House tapes
This led to the resignation of Attorney General Richardson and the Deputy Attorney General Ruckelshaus (for not firing Cox). Solicitor General Robert Bork ultimacy fired Cox, who was replaced by Leon Jaworski.
Nixon agreed in the spring of 1974 to hand over portions of the tapes
Problems: substantial portions of the tapes were “missing” and Nixon used a lot of profanity. Chief of Staff Haig said that “some sinister force” deleted an 18.5 min gap on one of the tapes. (this was most likely Rose Mary Woods, the president’s secretary.)

Question 49

IAT (“All Tribes”)

Answer 49

Activists from Indians of All Tribes seized Alcatraz (Nov 1969) and occupied the island for 19 months until forcibly removed by the gov. This led to an increase in Indian activism (more than 200 incidents of civil disobedience by members of the American Indian Movement/ Red Power movement)

Question 50

Cesar Chavez

Answer 50

Mexican American Cesar Chavez (co-founder of the United Farm Workers) protested against poor wages for agricultural workers.
Examples- 5 five year boycott started in 1966 on CA grapes, “Salad Bowl” strike in the early 1970s, Protested the Braceros Program bc it exploited migrant labor (the program ended in 1964.)

Question 51

United Farm Workers

Answer 51

United Farm Workers is a labor union for farmworkers in the United States. It was co-founded by Cesar Chavez

Question 52

Jimmy Carter

Answer 52

THE ELECTION OF 1976
Gerald Ford (R) vs Jimmy Carter (D)
Carter was Gov of GA, a born-again aptists and a former peanut farmer. HIs pitch was “I’ll never lie to you”
Carter won in the “bicenteenial campaign” with a narrow victory over Ford, who represented the “New Right”. Democrats took both houses
CARTER’S SUCCESSES
Congress approved a tax cut in 1978.
Resumption of diplomatic relations with China (1979)
The Panama Canal Treaty (1977): control of the canal woulld be turned over to the Pananamians by 2000
Dept of Energy was created
The Camp David Accords (1978): Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Isreal) agreed to peace following the Yom Kippur War (1973). Isreal agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. Sadat and Begin received the Nobel Peace Prize (1978) for their efforts.
President Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978

THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS
Nov 4, 1979: a mob of anti-American Muslim militants stormed the US embassy in Tehran, taking 52 occupants hostage They demanded the return of the Shah (who was receiving medical treatment in the US)
Carter had trouble freeing the hostages. He ordered a daring rescue mission that failed. A helicopter and plane collided, killing 8. Now Iran knows that the US is coming.
The hostages were eventually released after 444 days in exchange for a transfer of frozen Iranian assets. (The US negotiated w Iran through Alegria.) This was just after Reagan’s inauguration

THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
Carter embarked on an energy crusade to ease Americans’ dependence on oil- focus on alternative energy, like nuclear power. He put solar panels on the White House
Three Mile Island partial meltdown (March 1979) scared people: was nuclear power safe?
Carter gave an old-fashioned jeremiad about Americans falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in his “Malaise”/”Crisis of Confidence” Speech
More than half the states enacted odd-even gas rationing based on the last digit of the car’s license plate
THE SOVIETS REHEAT THE COLD WAR
The Soviets attacked Afghanistan in Dec 1979 and appeared ready to make a play for the oil-rich nations of the Persian Gulf.
The Soviets war in Afghanistan would be like the US war in Vietnam (and Afghanistan): long and costly
The Carter Doctrine stated that the US would defend its interest in the Persian Gulf (similar to Eisenhower Doctrine)
Carter placed an embargo on grain exports to the USSR and called for a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics
The Soviets and their satellite nations followed with a boycott of their own during the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.

Question 53

Panama

Answer 53

The Panama Canal Treaty (1977): control of the canal would be turned over to the Pananamians by 2000

Question 54

U.S. v. Nixon

Answer 54

In U.S. v. Nixon, (July 1974), the Court ruled that “executive privilege” did not protect Nixon from an investigation of criminal activity and that he could not withhold any portion of the tapes.

Question 55

Saigon

Answer 55

Americans had to be hastily evacuated from the American embassy in Saigon, Vietnam on April 30, 1975, after the war ended.

DEFEAT IN VIETNAM
After two years on their own, the South Viets were defeated in 1975.
Congress didnt pass a Ford-supported aid package for S Viet
Americans had to be hastily evacuated from the American embassy in Saigon on April 30, 1975
More than 500k S. Viets came to the US. They were dubbed “boat people”
The estimated cost of the war was $118 billion.
Around 56k Americans died.

Question 56

Title IX

Answer 56

Women used the media to their advantage and appealed to Congress to change laws. Successes were Title IX (laws outlawing gender discrimination in education and college sports)

Question 57

Camp David Accords

Answer 57

The Camp David Accords (1978): Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Isreal) agreed to peace following the Yom Kippur War (1973). Isreal agreed to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula. Sadat and Begin received the Nobel Peace Prize (1978) for their efforts. This was considered one of Pres Carter’s sucesses.

Question 58

Carter Doctrine

Answer 58

The Carter Doctrine stated that the US would defend its interest in the Persian Gulf (similar to Eisenhower Doctrine)