Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

Flashcards to study chapters 1 and 2 with

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1
Q

Who are examples of Mesoamerican civilizations and where are they found?

A

The Inca in Peru, the Maya in Central America, the Aztec in Mexico

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2
Q

Known part of Mississippian culture?

A

They built huge earthen mounds.

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3
Q

Known info about Pueblo peoples?

A

-Got into war with Onate (Acoma War)
-Popé’s rebellion (1680): Indigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in the province of NM, killing hundreds and driving out settlers (This is also called the Pueblo Revolt) (RESISTANCE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE— KEEP IN MIND)

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4
Q

Known about the Norse?

A

The Norse first landed in Greenland (Eric the Red) then Newfoundland (Vinland) around 1000 AD (Leif Ericson) Vikings may have journey up the Penobscot (no proof tho)

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5
Q

Info about Pizarro?

A

-Traveled to Peru and South America.
-Francisco Pizarro invaded the Inca Empire in 1532.
-Enslaving a lot of the population to work in the silver mines

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6
Q

Info about Cortes?

A

-Traveled to Central America and the Caribbean.
-Hernano Cortes landed near Veracruz, Mexico, and marched on Tenochtitlan.
-Welcomed by Moctezuma in 1519 bc it was believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god.
-Held Moctezuma hostage and demanded gold.
-During the (noche triste- sad night) the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of the city, but the Spanish retaliated and laid siege to the city for over a year, and captured it in August 1521.

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7
Q

Info about Moctezuma?

A

Moctezuma was the Aztec ruler. He welcomed Cortes into the land as it was believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl, an Aztec god. Cortes held Moctezuma hostage and demanded gold

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8
Q

Info about Columbus?

A

-Traveled to the Caribbean.
-Columbus wanted to reach the Far East and find a lot of gold- he failed at both lol
-The columbian exchange

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9
Q

Info about Juan de Onate?

A

-Traveled to the Rio Grande Valley, starting the Acoma War with the Pueblo peoples in 1599.
-New mexico was founded in 1609, juan de Oñate was made governor
-(the Spanish proclaimed the province of New Mexico after the battle of Acoma (1599). All male survivor was enslaved and had his left foot severed. The women were sent away
-(Oñates’s Mission Foot- the statue was damaged by vandals in 1998. Oñates’ right foot was cut off. (revenge lol)

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10
Q

Info about Elizabeth I?

A

Elizabeth I became Queen of England in 1558. Rivalry with Spain then intensified bc Protestant English clashed with Catholic Spain

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11
Q

Info about Francis Drake?

A

English buccaneers such as Francis Drake seized Spanish treasure ships.

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12
Q

Info about Sir Walter Raleigh?

A

-owned (?) the Roanoke Colony that was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585.
-Raleigh never visited the colony (He spent most of the time looking for El Dorado and was executed in 1618 to appease the Spanish)

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13
Q

Info about John White?

A

-Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585. -White left for England to get supplies and wasn’t able to return until 1590.
-The colony vanished. Perhaps the people were adorned into the nearby Croatoan tribe.

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14
Q

Info about Philip II?

A

-King Phillip II (Spanish king) decided to attack England with his “Invincible Armada” (1588). The Armada was defeated.
-English fire ships and a storm took out about 50 of 130 Spanish ships.
-This marked the beginning of the end of Spain’s empire (since the Spanish fleet was crippled).
-The English emerged as the major world power, unified under Elizabeth and filled with a sense of nationalism.

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15
Q

Info about John Smith?

A

-Smith came to the Jamestown colony, prodding the men into farming (not without their protest), led trading expeditions, and created maps.
-There was no romantic relationship with Pocahontas.
-Smith left the colony in 1609 due to a powder burn that he had received. (Some think he was a victim of attempted murder.)

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16
Q

Info about John Rolfe?

A

-Married Pochantos, ending the First Anglo-Powhatan war.
-Introducted tobacco to the colony. Tobacco saved the colony, the demand became strong as it was quickly popular in Europe.
-John Rolfe was killed by the Powhatan in 1622, when a series of attacks occured. The massacre, led by Opechancanough, Powhatan’s younger brother, resulted in the deaths of around ⅓ of the Jamestown settlers.

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17
Q

Info on Lord De La Warr?

A

-following “the starving time”, Lord de la Warr, the new Virginia governor, brought new settlers to VA and employed a harsh military regime.
-His “Irish tactics’’ included raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, and torching cornfields.
-This started the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)

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18
Q

Info about Powhatan?

A

-Lord de la Warr started raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, and torching cornfields. This started the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)
-They killed John Rolfe in 1622, when a series of attacks occured. The massacre, led by Opechancanough, Powhatan’s younger brother, resulted in the deaths of around ⅓ of the Jamestown settlers.
-The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-46) resulted in a treaty that banished the Powhatan people from areas of white settlement.
-Powhatan’s Confederacy fell victim to disease, disorgination, and disposability (The English saw no economic benefit to keeping the people alive).
-By 1685, the English considered Powhatan peoples to be extinct.

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19
Q

Info on Opechancanough?

A

-Powhatan’s younger brother
-led a massacre as he didn’t like the Europeans as much as he did. The massacre resulted in the deaths of around ⅓ of the Jamestown settlers.

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20
Q

Info on Pocahontas?

A

-John Smith and Pocahontas didn’t have a romantic relationship.
-The First Anglo-Powhatan war ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity.

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21
Q

Info on James I?

A

-James I hated tobacco, even going as far as to revoke the charter of the VA company in 1624, making VA a royal colony. –Puritans were persecuted in England under James I

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22
Q

Info on Charles II?

A

-Charles II took colonization seriously and reigned in many of the clones under royal power. Royal colonies were under the direct supervision of the monarch.
-Gave a charter was given to the Lords Proprietors (8 of King Charles II favorites)

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23
Q

Info on Lord Baltimore?

A

-Maryland was established by Lord Baltimore (whose father had been a member of Charles I’s government.)

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24
Q

Info on Lords Proprietors?

A

-A charter was given to the Lords Proprietors (8 of King Charles II favorites)

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25
Q

Info on James Oglethorpe?

A

-founder of Carolina
-envisioned a haven for debtors; protection for the northern colonies; production of silk and wine, respect for Indigenous people, and enslaved labor (Most of this plan failed)

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26
Q

Info on Bering Land Bridge?

A

-People either came from boat along the Pacific or by the Bering Land Bridge from Asia (They migrated).
-The Bering Land Bridge is more likely as it was open for two periods of time (35,000 years ago and 22,000 and 17,000 years ago- not needed info tho)

27
Q

Info on 3-sister farming?

A

-The highest population densities were in regions that employed “three-sister farming.
-Which is corn beans and squash all planted together.
-Method used by the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Iroquois

28
Q

info on caravel?

A

-The Portuguese developed the caravel, which could sail more closely into the wind (due to the triangle sail).
-They also had a navigation school.
-The caravel ship replaced the barge ship, which had one fixed sail

29
Q

Info on Columbian exchange?

A

-The columbian exchange is the co mingling of ecosystems (The old world and the new one) This is NOT deliberate, it happened naturally

30
Q

What is a conquistador?

A

-a conquer from Spain who came in service of God but was really looking for gold and glory

31
Q

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A

-in 1419, Pope Alexander VI drew a line on the map diving the New World Lands between Spain and Portugal (Spain got the much bigger chunk)

32
Q

What is the Encomienda system?

A

-State-sanctioned enslavement. It allowed the Spanish government to enslaved Native Americans and in return the colonists promise to Christianize them (encomienda means huge estate)

33
Q

What is a mestizo/mestiza?

A

-a new race of mestizos/mestizas originated from relationships between Spanish men and Indigenous women.
-Cortes son with an Indigenous woman was called ‘el mestizo”

34
Q

What are missions in context?

A

-Missions to convert people into Christianity (well because they’re Spanish it’s Catholicism but same idea)
-Hundreds of Spanish cities and Towns featured Catholic cathedrals and missions.

35
Q

What is the Battle of Acoma?

A

-the Spanish proclaimed the province of New Mexico after the battle of Acoma (1599). Any male survivor was enslaved and had his left foot severed. The women were sent away.

36
Q

What is Pope’s Rebellion?

A

-in 1680, Indigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in the province of New Mexico, killing hundreds and driving out settlers
-This is also called the Pueblo Revolt
-RESISTANCE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE— KEEP IN MIND)
-Popé was one of the many medicine men who had been arrested by the Spanish in a crackdown on Indigenous religious practice.
-It took the Spanish over 50 years to regain the area

37
Q

What is a buccaneer?

A

-they’re pirates who seize other countries ships and stuff
(English buccaneers (pirates) such as Francis Drake seized Spanish treasure ships.)

38
Q

What is the Roanoke colony?

A

-Sir Walter Raleigh’s Roanoke Colony was established by John White and 116 settlers in 1585.
-White left for England to get supplies and wasn’t able to return until 1590.
-The colony vanished. Perhaps the people were adorned into the nearby Croatoan tribe.

39
Q

What is the Spanish Armada?

A

-King Phillip II decided to attack England with his “Invincible Armada in 1588.
-The Armada was defeated. English fire ships and a storm took out about 50 of 130 Spanish ships.
-This marked the beginning of the end of Spain’s empire (since the Spanish fleet was crippled)
-The English emerged as the major world power, unified under Elizabeth and filled with a sense of nationalism.

40
Q

What is the enclosure movement?

A

-the decision to turn cropland into sheep grazing pasture forced small farmers off the land or into tenancy

41
Q

What is primogeniture?

A

-Laws on primogeniture: only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates

42
Q

What is the joint-stock company?

A

-a group of investors who put up the capital needed (in return for shares in the company) in order to finance expensive expeditions to the New World.
-The goal was to make a quick profit. (They weren’t in it for long-term settlement)
-Companies would receive a charter from the monarch which granted them the same rights that would have enjoyed at home

43
Q

What is a charter?

A

-a written grant by a country’s legislative or sovereign power, by which a body such as a company, college, or city is founded and its rights and privileges defined.

44
Q

What is the Virginia Company?

A

-The Virginia Company was an English trading company chartered by King James I on 10 April 1606 with the object of colonizing the eastern coast of America.
-The Virginia Company of London landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay (where they were attacked Indigenous people) then traveled further up the James River.
-James I hated tobacco, he revoked the charter of the VA company in 1624, making VA a royal colony.

45
Q

What is Jamestown?

A

-Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.
-It was a good site because it was easily defended, with deep water frontage on a peninsula.
-Unfortunately, it also had brackish water and swamps, brewing malaria-carrying mosquitoes.
-Malaria, starvation, attacks by7 Indigenous people, and malnutrition killed the settlers. Only 60 survive the “starving time” of 1609-1610. By 1625, only 12000 settlers remained of the 80000 who had migrated to VA (They wanted it because it was free, near water for their boats, and defense against the Spanish. It was bad as the water wasn’t good to drink, the water level would go down in the winter to mess up their boats, mosquitos.)

46
Q

What are “Irish tactics?”

A

following “the starving time”, Lord de la Warr, the new Virginia governor, brought new settlers to VA and employed a harsh military regime. His “Irish tactics’’ included raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, and torching cornfields. This started the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614)

47
Q

What are the 1st and 2nd Anglo-Powhatan Wars?

A

following “the starving time”, Lord de la Warr, the new Virginia governor, brought new settlers to VA and employed a harsh military regime. His “Irish tactics’’ included raiding Powhatan villages, confiscating provisions, and torching cornfields. This started the First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614). The First Anglo-Powhatan war ended when Pocahontas married John Rolfe after a year in English captivity. John Rolfe introduced a new strain of tobacco to the colony. Tobacco saved the colony, the demand became strong as it was quickly popular in Europe. Ironically, John Rolfe was killed by the Powhatan in 1622, when a series of attacks occured. The massacre, led by Opechancanough, Powhatan’s younger brother, resulted in the deaths of around ⅓ of the Jamestown settlers. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-46) resulted in a treaty that banished the Powhatan people from areas of white settlement. Powhatan’s Confederacy fell victim to disease, disorgination, and disposability (The English saw no economic benefit to keeping the people alive) By 1685, the English considered Powhatan peoples to be extinct.

48
Q

What is the Powhatan confederacy?

A

Powhatan’s Confederacy fell victim to disease, disorgination, and disposability (The English saw no economic benefit to keeping the people alive)

49
Q

What is the VA House of Burgesses?

A

(a mini-Parliament) was the first representative government in the colonies (1619) (important). Burgess stands for townsperson.

50
Q

What is the Maryland Act of Toleration?

A

The Maryland Act of Toleration (1649) was intended to allow Protestants and Catholics to live in harmony. Not covered: those who denied the divinity of Jesus– Jewish people and atheists.

51
Q

What is the Barbados slave code?

A

The Barbados slave code of 1661, important to Carolina in 1696 (dispite protests by the L.P who had only a limited role in govet) denied fundamental rights to enslaved people and gave masters complete control over them

52
Q

What is the Church of England?

A

All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration; the tax-supported Church of England (Anglican) became the dominant faith. Separatists were Puritans who wanted to break away from the Church of England.

53
Q

List and discuss examples of either Indigenous peoples’ resistance to or conflict with Europeans (primarily English & Spanish).

A

This is seen in Pope’s Rebellion, when Indigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in the province of New Mexico, killing hundreds and driving out settlers (This is also called the Pueblo Revolt). Popé was one of the many medicine men who had been arrested by the Spanish in a crackdown on Indigenous religious practice. It took the Spanish over 50 years to regain the area.

54
Q

How did the Spanish seek to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the New World and convert/exploit the Indigenous population?

A

The Spanish seeked to established tight control over the process of colonization by approaching Native Americans with violence and justified it with religion. They wanted gold and land. A conquistador is a conqueror from Spain who came in service of God but was really looking for gold and glory. The Encomienda System (important): State-sanctioned enslavement- it allowed the Spanish government to enslaved Native Americans in return the colonists promise to Christianize them. the Spanish proclaimed the province of New Mexico after the battle of Acoma (1599) In male survivor was enslaved and had his left foot severed. The women were sent away. The Spanish had the advantage of disease (smallpox). Weapons, horses, Native allies

55
Q

Discuss the effects of the choice to grow tobacco in the Chesapeake.

A

John Rolfe introduced a new strain of tobacco to the colony. Tobacco saved the colony, the demand became strong as it was quickly popular in Europe.Tobacco’s effect on the soil was ruinous. A few years of tobacco growth wo crop rotations depletes the soil. Tobacco farming resulted in slash-and-burn farming (use land for a few years only before moving on) As demand intensified, more land and more laborers were needed. James I hated tobacco, he revoked the charter of the VA company in 1624, making VA a royal colony.

56
Q

Provide examples of the Columbian Exchange in action.

A

The columbian exchange is the co mingling of ecosystems (The old world and the new one) This is NOT deliberate, it happened naturally

New World to Old World
Gold and silver
Corn, potatoes, omatos, tobacco, beans, chocolate
Syphilis

Old World to New World
Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
Horse, cows, pigs
All major diseases known at the time
Enslaved people from africa

57
Q

List and discuss “push” factors that led to large-scale English migration in the 17th
century.

A

Population factions: Exploding population puts pressure on resources

The enclosure movement: the decision to turn cropland into sheep grazing pasture forced small farmers off the land or into tenancy

Economic depression: the wool trade was sour, many emigrants came from wool producing regions (East and West England)

Laws on primogeniture: only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates

58
Q

List and discuss examples of how Spanish attempts to change Indigenous beliefs and worldviews led to resistance and conflict.

A

Popé’s rebellion (1680): indeigenous people rebelled, destroying every Catholic Church in the province of NM, killing hundreds and driving out settlers (This is also called the Pueblo Revolt) (RESISTANCE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE— KEEP IN MIND) It took the Spanish over 50 years to regain the area

59
Q

List and discuss ways in which Spanish colonial settlements were similar/different from English settlements.

A

Spanish colonial rule was different from that of their Anglo Saxon competitors bc the spanish intermarried and incorporated some of the indigenous culture unto their own. They set up missions to convert the people. Spanish were okay with intermarriage, changing some beliefs (not all like being catheolic) like food, clothing

60
Q

List and discuss factors (other than disease) that led to the disruption or altering of Indigenous peoples’ life during the period of European colonization.

A

Old World to New World
Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee
Horse, cows, pigs
All major diseases known at the time
Enslaved people from africa
-
The Encomienda System (important): State-sanctioned enslavement- it allowed the Spanish government to enslaved Native Americans in return the colonists promise to Christianize them. The Spanish had the advantage of disease (smallpox). Weapons, horses, Native allies
Horses allowed people to become mounted nomadic hunters.
Diseases wiped out entire cultures and drastically decimated the population.
Trade with Europeans increased conflict among Indiegious tribes
Indiegous tribes along the coast felt the effects of European interaction more immediately than did those living in the interior. (mention the pigs and how The pigs had a negative impact. They would eat all the crops on the land, including the tuckahoe that the Native Americans relied on when their corn wasn’t growing well, leaving them without enough food.)

61
Q

List and define the three types of English colonies.

A

Charles II took colonization seriously and reigned in many of the clones under royal power.

Royal colonies were under the direct supervision of the monarch.

Proprietary colonies were owned by an individual or family.

Corporate colonies were formed by joint-stock companies, which received a charter from the king. (the types are important)

62
Q

List and discuss factors that fueled European exploration and conquest.

A

The Three G’s: Gold, God, and Glory.
Religion was used as a rationale for European action. They used it to justify their actions. Europeans developed a taste for certain items from the East thanks to the Crusades: silk, medicines, perfumes, Draperies, spices, sugar
Getting these goods via overland routes was costly, so a water route was desired

63
Q

Discuss ways in which Indigenous populations in North America developed complex societies based on their interactions with the environment and one another.

A

Men’s roles: hunting, fishing, gathering fuel, clearing fields
Women’s roles: ending crops, caring for children and the home (making farms as well)
Many matrilineal societies (like the Iroquois)
Environmental Impact: purposely setting fires to creating better hunting habitats for deer
Wanting to be helpful and giving back to people and the land?