Chapters 3 and 4

Question 1

John Calvin

Answer 1

John Calvin built upon the ideas of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther, who believed that Bible alone was the source of God’s word.
Calvinist beliefs: Good is all-powerful and good. Humans are weak. God knows who is going to Heaven (the Elect) and who to hell (the damned). Puritans looked for signs of conversion (receipt of God’s saving grace) in themselves and others.

Question 2

Martin Luther

Answer 2

Led the Protestant Reformation and believed that Bible alone was the source of God’s word

Question 3

Squanto

Answer 3

A Wampanoag person who aided the pilgrims in develop an economy based of fur, fish, and lumber
Squanto learned English from perilous captors
The First Thanksgiving (1621) was celebrated with the Wampanoag people.

Question 4

Massasoit

Answer 4

Massasoit was the Wampanoag leader who signed a peace treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621.

Question 5

William Bradford

Answer 5

William Bradford was the governor of Plymouth (in Massachusetts) for 30 years. He worried that non-Puritans settlers might corrupt the “Godly experiment.”

Question 6

John Winthrop

Answer 6

John Winthrop was either government or deputy gov. Of Mass. Bay for 19 years. He wanted Mass. Bay to serve as a normal example to the rest of the world. “We shall be as a city upon a hill.”

Question 7

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 7

-Puritan Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism, an extreme view that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and thus one did not need to follow the law of God or man.
-She was put on trial, where she defended herself admirably, saying she has received a direct revelation of her beliefs from God.
-She and her family (14 kids!) were kicked out of MA, left for RI and later ended up in NY, where all but one were killed by the Siwanoy people.

Question 8

Roger Williams

Answer 8

-Roger Williams, an extreme separist, challenged the legality of the Mass. Bay colony’s character bc: 1. Land was being taken from the local tribes. 2. The civil government had no authority to regulate religious behavior.
-Willaims was banished from the colony in 1626. He founded Rhode Island.
-In Rhode Island, Williams built the first Baptist church, required settlers to pay local Indigenus people for land, established freedom of religion (including Jewish people, Catholics, and Quakers) and exercised simple manhood suffrage (later this was narrowed by property qualification.

Question 9

Metacom (King Philip)

Answer 9

-Leading the Wampanog was Metacom (King Philip) He became sachem of the Wampanoag people upon the death of his brother, Wamsutta (Alexander.) Their dad was Massasoit.
-Wamsutta died in 1662 while being interrogated by the English bc he sold land to RI and conspired with the Narragansett. He may have had appendicitis, but Metacom thought he was positioned.
-Additionally, the murder of a Christianized Wampogong man named John Sassmon in 1675 led to charges being brought against 3 Wampanog men without evidence. They were found guilty and hung and Metacom thought it as misjustice.
The war slowed English migration west for a few decades.
-52 settlements were attacked (12 destroyed)
-By the end of the war, the New England Indigenous tribes were drastically reduced in number, dispirited, and had lost their intertribal unity.
-Matcom was killed (head cut off, drawn and quartered) his head was displayed outside Plymouth for years. His wife and child were enslaved in the West Indies.

Question 10

Charles II

Answer 10

-Charles II took colonization seriously and reigned in many of the clones under royal power. Royal colonies were under the direct supervision of the monarch.
He:
gave CT as sea-to-sea charter grant
Gave RI a charter
Took away Mass. Bay ‘s charter
Established the Dominion of New England in 1866, which included all of New England, NY, and NJ.
- The Dominion’s purpose:
Bolstering colonial defense
Promoting efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws of the mid-17th century (preventing colonists from trading with countries other than England)
New governor Sir Edmund Andros appalled the populace by: Curbing town meetings and popular assemblies, laying restrictions on courtes, press, and schools, and revoking all land titles and taxing the people without consent from representatives.

Question 11

Edmund Andros

Answer 11

Was the New Governor of the Dominion of New England.
He appalled the populace by: Curbing town meetings and popular assemblies, laying restrictions on courts, press, and schools, and revoking all land titles and taxing the people without consent from representatives.

Question 12

James II

Answer 12

In 1688, James II was ousted and William and Mary (Protestants) were the new rulers.

Question 13

William and Mary

Answer 13

In 1688, James II was ousted and William and Mary (Protestants) were the new rulers.
The Dominion was broken apart

Question 14

Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 14

Peter Stuyvesant, the one legged direction-general of New Netherland, led the attack that chase out the Swedes in 1655. New Sweden was never very successful anyway

Question 15

Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)

Answer 15

The Religious Society of Friends was founded in England during the mid-1600s.
They believed in pacifism, simple meetinghouses, equality of women, freedom for all people, not paying taxed to support a state church, and not taking oaths or using titles.
William Penn secured a grant from the king for a colony for Quakers.
Many Quakers lived in Delaware, which was administered by PA until the Revolution.
West New Jersey was sold to Quakers in 1674. East New Jersey was also a Quaker colony. The two Jerseys were combined in 1702 by the crown.
-Puritans disliked Quakers and often banished them from their settlements.
-The Quakers were viewed as disrespectful of the authority of the Puritan clergy.
-Quakers could be fined, flogged, banished, or even hanged.

Question 16

William Penn

Answer 16

William Penn secured a grant from the king for a colony for Quakers.
He believed that settlers should pay local tribes for the land.
Freedom of religion was granted, but Catholics and Jewish people were not allowed to hold public office or vote.

Question 17

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 17

-Nathaniel Bacon was a 29 year old planter from Virginia who led a rebellion against Gov. Berkeley in 1617.
Bacon resented Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the local tribes. (Berkeley had a thriving fur trade with them)
Unfortunately , Bacon’s followers attacked a friendly tribe
Bacon’s army marched on Jamestown. It included servants and enslaved Afircans.
The rebellion resulted in the burning of Jamestown. Bacon died of dysentery.

Question 18

separatist

Answer 18

Separatists were Puritans who wanted to break away from the Church of England.
fewer than 50 percent of the 102 pilgrims were Separatists

Question 19

non-separatist

Answer 19

Non-Separatists were Puritans who wanted to reform the Church from within.

Question 20

Predestination

Answer 20

Predestination: God knows who is going to Heaven (the Elect) and who to hell (the damned)

Question 21

the Elect/visible saints

Answer 21

“Visible saints.” The Elect, were those who have had an intense personal conversion experience with God (a necessary step in becoming a full church member)

Question 22

Mayflower Compact

Answer 22

When they realized they were out of the bounds of their charter, the men drew up the Mayflower Compact, which was based on majority rule and established a step toward self-government.

Question 23

Plymouth

Answer 23

The Mayflower arrived at Plymouth (the former Wamonog village of Patuxet) in 1620.
Massasoit was the Wampanoag leader who signed a peace treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621.
William Bradford was the governor of Plymouth for 30 years. He worried that non-Puritans settlers might corrupt the “Godly experiment.”
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay merged in 1691.

Question 24

Great Migration

Answer 24

During the “Great MIgration” of the 1630s, 70,000 Puritans migrated to the English colonies.
Most went to the West Indies, but about 20,000 came to New England.
Entire families escaped conditions in England, migrating to New England.

Question 25

Blue Laws

Answer 25

“Blue Laws” helped to repress social hevaviors that were deemed immoral by the Church (like PDA, not doffing one’s hat, not attending church, etc) (Some Blue Laws, or “Sunday Laws” still exist. In Maine, you can’t buy a car on Sunday and retail stores can’t be open on Thanksgiving or Christmas.)

Question 26

Protestant Work Ethic

Answer 26

the calling to do God’s work on Earth. Puritans worked hard to show others that they were going to Heaven.
Puritans enjoyed simple pleasures: eating, drinking (in moderation), singing, etc.

Question 27

Mass. Bay/ Boston

Answer 27

Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) was centered around the city of Boston.
These Puritans were non-Separatists (moderates) The settlement was much larger, and it had a charter from the king.
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay merged in 1691.
Roger Williams, an extreme separist, challenged the legality of the Mass. Bay colony’s character bc: 1. Land was being taken from the local tribes. 2. The civil government had no authority to regulate religious behavior.
John Winthrop was either government or deputy gov. Of Mass. Bay for 19 years. He wanted Mass. Bay to serve as a normal example to the rest of the world. “We shall be as a city upon a hill.”
Charles II Took away Mass. Bay ‘s charter

Question 28

Popham colony

Answer 28

Another Puritan colony is a failed ME colony.
Later, Ferdinando Gorges tried unsuccessfully to colonize the area (1623) He never actually came to ME, and MA purchased ME land from the Gorges heirs in 1677.)

Question 29

Fundamental Orders of CT,

Answer 29

CT: Thomas Hooker founded Hartford. Its’ ‘Fundamental Orders” (Important!!) of 1629 was essentially a modern constitution.

Question 30

Praying Towns

Answer 30

Praying Towns are places Indigenous people gather to learn about God and English culture (important!)

Question 31

Pequot War

Answer 31

War broke out in 1637 due to confrontations between settlers pushing into the Connecticut River valley and the local Pequot tribe.
The Narragansett allied with the colonists.They were a powerful tribe who manufactured wampum (used as currency) and provided beaver pelts to the colonists.
The colonists won the war by using bloody tactics that alarmed the Narragansett.

Question 32

King Philip’s War

Answer 32

-From 1675-76): intertribal unity led to many successful attacks on frontier settlements in MA and RI.
-Leading the Wampanog was Metacom (King Philip) He became sachem of the Wampanoag people upon the death of his brother, Wamsutta (Alexander.) Their dad was Massasoit.
-Wamsutta died in 1662 while being interoggarded by the English bc he sold land to RI and conspired with the Narragansett. He may have had appendicitis, but Metacom thought he was positioned.
-Additionally, the murder of a Chrsistaisnezed Wampogong man named John Sassmon in 1675 led to charges being brought against 3 Wampanogmen without evidence. They were found guilty and hung and Metacom thought it as misjustice.
The war slowed English migration west for a few decades.
-52 settlements were attacked (12 destroyed)
-By the end of the war, the New England Indigenous tribes were drastically reduced in number, dispirited, and had lost their intertribal unity.
-Matcom was killed (head cut off, drawn and quartered) his head was displayed outside Plymouth for years. His wife and child were enslaved in the West Indies.

Question 33

New England Confederation

Answer 33

(Before King Phillip’s World, right after Peqout war)
Members were Puritan colonies: the two MA colonies and the two CT colonies. (RI and ME were left out)
Formed in 1634, the purpose was defense against potential enemies: Indigenous tries, French, Doutch, etc.
The colonists felt alone against enemies bc England was in the midst of a civil war
Each colony had two votes
The confederation lasted until 1684, when MA lost its charter

Question 34

Dominion of New England

Answer 34

Charles II Established the Dominion of New England in 1866, which included all of New England, NY, and NJ.
- The Dominion’s purpose:
Bolstering colonial defense
Promoting efficiency in the administration of the English Navigation Laws of the mid-17th century (preventing colonists from trading with countries other than England)
New governor Sir Edmund Andros appalled the populace by: Curbing town meetings and popular assemblies, laying restrictions on courtes, press, and schools, and revoking all land titles and taxing the people without consent from representatives

Question 35

Glorious Revolution

Answer 35

In 1688, James II was ousted and William and Mary (Protestants) were the new rulers.

The Dominion was broken apart
MA was made a royal colony with a royal governor. All qualified male property holders could btw.
The royal grip on colonial trade was relaxed as part of the “salutary neglect” (important!!) policy (non-interference in colonial affairs) The Navigation Laws were weakly enforced,
Ominous, more English officials were present in the colonies than every before. Local leaders were thwarted from assuming political power.

Question 36

salutary neglect

Answer 36

The royal grip on colonial trade was relaxed as part of the “salutary neglect” policy (non-interference in colonial affairs) The Navigation Laws were weakly enforced,

Ominous, more English officials were present in the colonies than every before. Local leaders were thwarted from assuming political power.

Question 37

Dutch West India Co.

Answer 37

The dutch West india co. established the colony in 1623-24 for quick profit in the fur trade
The colony was aristocratic. Patroonships (vast estates) were granted to promoters who could settle at least 50 people on them.
Problems faced by the colony: Directions were incompent. Shareholders demanded dividend.
No religious toleration (major church was Dutch Reformed) not free speech or democracy.
The Puritan colonies supported wiping out New Netherland.
Peter Stuyvesant, the one legged direction-general of New Netherland, led the attack that chase out the Swedes in 1655. New Sweden was never very successful.
The Dutch ran out of munitions when the English attacked in 1664 and were forced to surrender.
Even after the fal if New Amsterdam, influential landed families held momoploiles on the land.
Last Dutch influence: Easter eggs, Santa Claus waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sighting, skating, and kolf (golf) (not important tho)

Question 38

patroonships

Answer 38

Patroonships (vast estates) were granted to promoters who could settle at least 50 people on them.

Question 39

headright system

Answer 39

Under the “headright system” each man received 50 acres of land for paying his own passage to the colonies and an additional 50 acres for anyone else he brought with him

Question 40

indentured servants

Answer 40

-they could be held longer than contracted due to misbehavior)
-100,000 servants came to the Chesapeake by 1700.
Indentured servants who could not obtain land might hire themselves back to their masters or drift about the region.
The VA assembly disfranched the landless in the 1670s, and drifters wandered about the colony, causing problems.
Indentured servants were gradually replaced with enslaved Africans laborers (over the next 20 years)

By the 1680’s rising wages in England led to fewer indentured servants.

Question 41

middle passage

Answer 41

The middle passage represents the enslaved people’s journey across the Atlantic (important!)
About 20 percent of enslaved people died, due to sickness spreading in. The rest were auctioned in places like Newport, Ri and Charlston, SC.

Question 42

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 42

Salem, MA (1692-93)
Young girls claimed to have been bewitched by older women.
Economic explanation: accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s burgeoning market economy
Accusers came from subsistence farming families in Salen’s hinterland.
Other factors: superstition, ergot poisoning (as if you took LSD)
The trials were brought to a close when the governor became alarmed by accusations against his wife.
“Witch-hunting” a metaphor for the often dangerous, irrational urge to find a scapegoat for social resentments.

Question 43

Half-way Covenant

Answer 43

In 1662 the Puritan church leadership proposed a new formula for church membership called the Half-Way Covenant.
The church would allow new members to join with only being baptized, they let go of conversation as a requirement. They did this because they wanted to get new members into the church.

Question 44

Bacon’s Rebellion

Answer 44

-Nathaniel Bacon was a 29 year old planter from Virginia who led a rebellion against Gov. Berkeley in 1617.
Social differences existed between the Tidewater and Piedmont regions.Taxes were high, unevenly apportioned on Piedmont, and had to pay in tobacco.
The goal of the rebellion was to convince Berkeley to help protect Piedmont farms, which had been attacked by Indigenous people.
Bacon resented Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the local tribes. (Berkeley had a thriving fur trade with them)
Unfortunately , Bacon’s followers attacked a friendly tribe
Bacon’s army marched on Jamestown. It included servants and enslaved Afircans.
The rebellion resulted in the burning of Jamestown. Bacon died of dysentery.
The loyalist (Berklely) forces routed a garrison of rebels and handled dozens.
Results of the rebellion:
The older gentry continued to dominate Virginia, while the new gentry (men like Bacon) struggled bc they lacked power and privilege.
Indentured servants were gradually replaced with enslaved Africans laborers (over the next 20 years)
White populism (the binding of rich and poor whites through common racial virtue) contributed to the development of racism.