Chapters 11 and 12

Question 1

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 1

Jefferson was attacked in the press, accused of:
Having robbed a widow and her kids of a trust fund (unfounded)
Having fathered numerous children w/ Sally Hemmings (true)
Being an atheist (not true: he was actually a deist)

Jefferson’s first inaugural address is famous for the unifying line, “we are all republicans, we are all Federalists.” He walked to the capitol building to give the address

Had Jeffersonian Republicanism; simple and frugal: Diners were seated without regard to rank, sometimes answered the door in his slippers and robe, sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk instead of appearing himself (he didn’t want to seem too monarchical)

Question 2

John Marshall

Answer 2

Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice (appointed by Adams) whose court expanded federal power over the states (served 1801 to 1835)
Thomas Jefferson’s cousin

THE MARSHALL COURT
Decisions made by the court under Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states

Question 3

William Marbury

Answer 3

William Marbury (one of the midnight judge appointees) sued Sec. of State James Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved

Question 4

Samuel Chase

Answer 4

Jefferson wanted to impeach foul-mouthed justice Samuel Chase and put a Republican on the Court (there were 8 articles of impeachment against him, for trails that he has “mishandled.”
Chase was found not guilty of “high crimes”
Significance: no major attempt has been made since to reshape the Court using impeachment

Question 5

Lewis & Clark

Answer 5

They went on a 2.5-year expedition beginning in 1804 to explore the northern part of Louisiana territory, looking for an all-water passage to the West Coast
Other gains: scientific observation, maps, knowledge of American Indian tribes
Lewis and Clark couldn’t have done all of this without their Shoshone guide, Sacajawea

Question 6

Sacajawea

Answer 6

Shoshone guide that helped Lewis and Clark on their journey

Question 7

Aaron Burr

Answer 7

-Burr kills Hamilton in a duel and gets away with it due to diplomatic immunity
-Burr plotted with James Wilkinson (governor of Louisiana Territory) to take over the western part of the US, Mexican and Florida (W. turned in B to Jefferson)
-He was arrested and tried for treason but acquitted on a technicality (there was no proof)
-Burr tried to convince Napoleon to make peace with Britain and launch a joint invasion of America

Question 8

Napoleon

Answer 8

French general who became the emperor of France.
Renewed war with Brits in 1803
After the Battle of Austerlitz (1805), Napoleon’s French army was the undisputed land power. The French would ultimately defeat 5 of 7 European coalitions sent against them
British Orders in Council: In response to Napoleon’s Blockade of Britain, the Brits ordered the blockade against France. All ships (including Americans) had to be stopped at Brit ports

Napoleon was willing to sell Louisiana for 15 million dollars as the money helped Napoleon wage war in Europe

Question 9

Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa

Answer 9

Techumseh and Tenskwatata (the Prophet) were Shawnee brothers who collected a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi with the goal of pushing Americans out of the country

Tecumseh fought w/ the Brits until his death in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames (in Ontario)

Question 10

William H. Harrison

Answer 10

William H. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, attacked Tecumseh’s HQ on the Tippecanoe River. (Tecumseh wasn’t there but his brother was, and attacked Harrison’s army. Harrison won and the Prophet fled to Canada)
The battle made Harrison a national hero— they called him Old Tippecanoe

Question 11

James Madison

Answer 11

James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights (adopted in 1791)

Got sued by William Marbury when he learned that his commission was being shelved

Passed the Non-Intercourse Act.
Didnt trust Napoleon and didnt like Macon’s Bill No. 2 as it made the US look desperate for trade

Question 12

Oliver Hazard Perry

Answer 12

Oliver Hazard Perry built ships on the shores of Lake Erie and captured a Brit fleet. He said, “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

Question 13

Andrew Jackson

Answer 13

Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans against the British, who made a foolhardy frontal assault on the entrenched Americans.

considered a war hero

1st Seminole War (1814-19): he invaded FL in 1818 using the pretext that hostile Seminole and Creek people and fugitive slaves, aided by the British, were using FL as a refuge
International incident: two Seminole chiefs were handed- two Brit subjects were executed for helping the Seminole, and St. Marks and Pensacola were seized
John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Sec of State) wanted concessions from Spain (the rest of Monroe’s cabinet wanted Jackson punished)

Question 14

Henry Clay

Answer 14

Was a war hawk, a republican who wanted war with Brit

His “American System”

Henry Clay led the Missouri compromise: Missouri would be a slave state and Maine (separated from MA) wold be a free states

Question 15

James Monroe

Answer 15

Defeated Rufus King (the last Federalist presidential candidate) in 1816.

Jefferson worried about France owning Louisiana, so he sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to negotiate with the French for rights to New Orleans

“Era of Good Feelings.” He warned the European powers that the era of colonization in the Americas was over and that they should stay out of American affairs

Question 16

John Q. Adams

Answer 16

John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Sec of State) wanted concessions from Spain during the invasion of France

Question 17

Revolution of 1800

Answer 17

THE JEFFERSONIAN “REVOLUTION OF 1800”
Jefferson felt that his election represented a return to the spirit of the Revolution. The transition was peaceful and orderly.

Question 18

Jeffersonian Republicanism

Answer 18

Jeffersonian Republicanism was simple and frugal:
Diners were seated without regard to rank
Jefferson sometimes answered the door in his slippers and robe
He sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk instead of appearing himself (he didn’t want to seem too monarchical)

Question 19

“midnight judges”

Answer 19

THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801
Created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices (last act of the Federalist-controlled Congress) Adams signed the commissions of these “midnight judges” as they were created in the “midnight/ the end” of Adams’s presidency
Once Jefferson took office, he and his allies in Congress repealed the act in 1802

Question 20

Marshall Court

Answer 20

Decisions made by the court under Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states

Question 21

Marbury v. Madison

Answer 21

(1803)
William Marbury (one of the midnight judge appointees) sued Sec. of State James Madison when he learned that his commission was being shelved
Marshall dismissed Marbury’s suit. He said that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his appeal was unconstitutional. (Marbury wanted the Court to force the issuing of a writ of mandamus)
Importantly, the case established the principle of judicial review (the Court can determine the constitutionality of laws)

Question 22

Tripolitan War

Answer 22

In 1801, the pasha of Tripoli, upset that he didn’t get enough “protection money” (bribes), cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate
Jefferson dispatched the navy to “the shores of Tripoli”
200 small gunboats, mounted with one unwieldy gun (dubbed “Jeffs” made up the “mosquito fleet”) (so bad that it would move the boats off-track if the gun was used)
After 4 years of fighting, Jefferson succeeded in peace w Tripoli (for the prince of 60,000 dollars– ransom payments for captured Americans

Question 23

Louisiana Purchase

Answer 23

In 1802, the US learned that Lousiansa had been transferred from Spain to France. Americans lost their “right of deposit” in New Orleans
Jefferson worried about France owning Louisiana, so he sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to negotiate with the French for rights to New Orleans
Napoleon was willing to sell Louisiana for 15 million dollars
Why did the French give up on their dream of a North American empire? A 10-year-long revolt by the enslaved population on Saint-Domingue (Haiti) led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, yellow fever, which killed French troops, and the money helped Napoleon wage war in Europe

THE DUBIOUS CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE
Jefferson submitted a treaty to the Senate, even though he thought it was unconstitutional. (he really wanted a constitutional amendment)
Good deal: 828,000 sq. mi for about 3 cents and acre (or 18 dollars per sq. mile)

Question 24

British Orders in Council

Answer 24

In response to Napoleon’s Blockade of Britain, the Brits ordered the blockade against France. All ships (including Americans) had to be stopped at Brit ports

Question 25

Impressment

Answer 25

In the W. Indies, many US seamen were captured and pressed into service by the British (a policy known as “impressment”)
Between 1808-1811, about 6,000 US citizens were pressed into service by the Brits. The Brits did not recognize American citizenship.

Question 26

Chesapeake incident

Answer 26

In 1807, the USS Chesapeake was overhauled by the Brit frigate HMS Leopard off the coast of Virginia. The Brit demanded the surrender of 4 allegedly deserted. The Americans refused
The British fired on the Chesapeake, killing 3, wounding 18, and taking the deserted
Many American were angered by this, but Jefferson did not ask for war

Question 27

Embargo Act

Answer 27

1807
Jefferson responded to impressment and other European issues by issuing an embargo, which forbade the export of all goods from the US, whether in American or in foreign ships
PROS OF THE EMBARGO
American sailors and cargos are safe from harm
New England reopened old factories and erected new ones. The foundations of industrial America began behind the wall of the embargo
CONS OF THE EMBARGO
New England commerce was nearly devastated
Agricultural areas couldn’t sell their products
Illicit trade mushroomed
Jefferson was criticized
FAILURE OF THE EMBARGO
Britain and France looked elsewhere for goods (like Latin America) they didn’t need America
The embargo was repealed March 1, 1809 (three days before Jefferson left office)

Question 28

Non-Intercourse Act

Answer 28

(1809)
This act reopened trade with the nations of the world, Except Britain and France (who were still fighting).
Passed under the Madison administration

Question 29

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Answer 29

(1810)
This dismantled the embargo and offered that if either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation (whichever country repealed first, the US would trade with them and block out the other country)
Madison did not like this bill- it made the US look desperate for trade
France acted first (only bc Napoleon wanted the US to blockade trade w. brit)
Madison did not trust Napoleon but went ahead with the deal. He thought that the Brits might repeal their trade restrictions when the French deal went through. They didn’t lol.
This decision led the US to reestablish the embargo on Britain, which ultimately led to war.

Question 30

Battle of Tippecanoe

Answer 30

(1811)
William H. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, attacked Tecumseh’s HQ on the Tippecanoe River. (Tecumseh wasn’t there but his brother was, and attacked Harrison’s army. Harrison won and the Prophet fled to Canada)
The battle made Harrison a national hero (so it’s important— they called him Old Tippecanoe btw), Tecumseh was driving into an alliance w/ the Brits
Tecumseh fought w/ the Brits until his death in 1813 at the Battle of the Thames (in Ontario)

Question 31

War Hawks

Answer 31

Henry Clay, John Calhoun: Republicans from the West and South who wanted war with Brit
Popular war hawks cry: “On to Canada, on to Canada” due to the Brits arming Natives and paying them for white scalps.
Southerners also eyed (wanting to take) Florida
Anger about impressment fueled the fire

Question 32

Mr. Madison’s War

Answer 32

Madison and the Republicans came to believe that the Americans had to vigorously assert their rights
Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812
Support for the war came from Republicans outside New England/New York
A pro-war mob destroyed the offices of an anti-war newspaper in Baltimore, igniting two days of riots.

Question 33

Federalists vs. Republicans (thoughts on the war)

Answer 33

Federalists were against the war and were pro-Brit, even to the point of trading with them, while Republicans were for the war as the British were pissing them off— they were the War Hawks

–
FEDS:
Federalists didn’t support the war, their stronghold was New England, where pro-British sentiment dominated
Federalists opposed the acquisition of Canada, which would add more agricultural states and increasing the voting power of Republicans
Federalists farmers sent huge quantities of supplies and food to Canada to help the Brit armies
New Englanders lent gold to the British
Merchants engaged in illicit trade with the enemy and did so very well
“Blue Lights” (anti-war Federalists who were friendly with the British) reportedly flashed lanterns on shore to alert blockading British cruisers of attempted escape of American warships.

REPUBS:
for the war
angry at the brits
wanting action to be taken against the brits

Question 34

Hartford Convention

Answer 34

Federalist New Englanders demanded:
Compensation for lost trade, constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed or new states admitted, abolition of the 3/5 clause, Prohibition of the election of two successive presidents from the same state, single-term presidencies

A minority of people wanted to secede from the Union (a small amount of people wanted to leave the Union)
When the envoys carrying the message arrived in Washington, they were overwhelmed by the news of victory at New Orleans

Question 35

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 35

(DEC 24, 1814)
France and Britain allied after the defeat of Napoleon (1814)
The war ended with an armistice (both sides agreed to stop fighting and return conquered territory). Americans boasted, “Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost.”
No mention of the grievances that brought on the war: impressment, confiscations, etc. The Americans agreed to give back any land taken from the American Indians since 1811. (Of course, this didn’t happen.)

Question 36

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 36

(JAN 8, 1815)
Andrew Jackson defended the city against the British, who made a foolhardy frontal assault on the entrenched Americans
Result: 2000 Brits killed in 30 min (vs only 70 Americans)
American victory led to restoration of nationalism and self-confidence

Question 37

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Answer 37

(1817)
Limited naval armament (number and type of ships had to be the same) for the Americans and Brits on the Great Lakes
in 1871, the Treaty of Washington completed the demilitarizon process

Question 38

“American System”

Answer 38

HENRY CLAY’S “AMERICAN SYSTEM”
defines the Whig System

Strong Banking System: easy and abundant credit (revived Bank in 1816)
Protective Tariff: protection for American manufacturing from cheap Brit goods (first one in 1816- they made things purposely more expensive so that people would buy local)
National improvements: Revenues from tariff would provide money for roads and canals
-Foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West would be exchanged for manufactured goods from the East, thus knitting the country together both economically and politically
-Note: Madison and others did not like the idea of funding for internal improvements. This left states like NY without federal funding for projects such as the Erie Canal

Question 39

“Era of Good Feelings”

Answer 39

Sectionalism was crystallizing during Monroe’s presidency
Contested issues: the American System (the tariff, the bank, internal improvements) as well as the sale of public lands and slavery
Economic Panic of 1819- led to depression, bankruptcies, unemployment
Major cause: over speculation in frontier lands by western branches of the Bank of the US led to foreclosures on farms and people being thrown into debtors’ prisons

Question 40

Missouri Compromise

Answer 40

(1820)
Used to be called the Maine-Missouri Comp.
Missouri wanted the enter the Union as a slave state (The sectional balance was 11-11)
Henry Clay led the compromise: Missouri would be a slave state and Maine (separated from MA) wold be a free states
All future bondage would be limited by the 36th parallel (the Mason-Dixon line?)
The proposed (failed) Tallmadge Amendment would have provided for gradual emancipation in Missouri
Southerners worried that this would set a precedent for Congress to abolish the “peculiar institution” in the other Southern states

Question 41

Convention of 1818

Answer 41

THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CONVENTION OF 1818
America and Great Britain agreed to fix the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel (as far as Oregon)
They also agreed to a 10-year joint occupation of Oregon and to share Newfoundland fisheries

Question 42

1st Seminole War

Answer 42

(1814-19): Andrew Jackson invaded FL in 1818 using the pretext that hostile Seminole and Creek people and fugitive slaves, aided by the British, were using FL as a refuge

International incident: two Seminole chiefs were hanged- two Brit subjects were executed for helping the Seminole, and St. Marks and Pensacola were seized

John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Sec of State) wanted concessions from Spain (the rest of Monroe’s cabinet wanted Jackson punished)

Question 43

Adams-Onis Treaty

Answer 43

THE FLORIDA PURCHASE TREATY of 1819 (ADAMS-ONIS TREATY)
Spain ceded FL as well as any claims to Oregon in exchange for the US abandoning claims to Texas. The US promised to pay 5 mi in claims
A vague boundary between Louisiana and Spanish territory was also set

Question 44

Russo-American Treaty

Answer 44

1824
fixed the southernmost limits of Russian territory at 54 degrees 40 minutes

Question 45

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 45

(1823)
Monroe warned the European powers that the era of colonization in the Americas was over and that they should stay out of American affairs
This was after the British approached the US with a deal to do just this together. The American wanted no part of a British “plot”
This was largely an expression of nationalism: it was only as big as the nation’s armed forces. It did not have much contemporary significance and deepened isolationism (it was later revived by President Polk)

Question 46

Marshall Court decisions

Answer 46

Decisions made by the court under Marshall bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review)
McCulloch v. Maryland (federal power trumps state power);
Cohens v. Virginia (the rights of the national courts to review any state cases that were in conflict with the federal law or the Constitution);
Fletcher v. Peck (This was the first time that judicial review was used to designate a state law as unconstitutional);
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (This case also signaled the disestablishment of church and state in New Hampshire);
Gibbons v. Ogden (The United States Supreme Court had the power to regulate commerce between the states and gain the power to regulate navigation)

Question 47

What evidence supports, modifies, or refutes the election of 1800 as a turning point in U.S. History?

Answer 47

power switched from parties
Congress repealed the excise tax on whiskey
cut down on the national debt and balanced the budget

Question 48

Provide evidence supporting the conclusion that “there were in fact two Thomas Jeffersons. One was the scholarly private citizen…the other was the harassed public official. The open-minded Virginian was therefore consistently inconsistent; it is easy to quote one Jefferson to refute the other.”

Answer 48

private citizen: he was more open to different ideas but he was also a Virginian

public official: had to stick to his points and go with the popular opinion/opinion of his party

Question 49

Discuss the economic policies of the Jefferson and Madison administrations.

Answer 49

Jefferson: limiting government expenses and keeping taxes low. he didn’t want farmers and people in other occupations to be burdened with high taxes to support a big government

Madison: dismantling of the system left behind by the Federalists. he wanted a strong militia/war plan so he supported national banks

Question 50

What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?

Answer 50

CAUSES:
-impressment
-Brits arming Natives and paying them for white scalps.
-confiscations
-trade issues (America putting the embargo back on Brits once the French accepted)

RESULTS:
-in the wake of the War of 1812, Americans worried about the threat to republicans and democracy from European countries that were still autocracies
6,000 killed or wounded
War heroes emerged- jackson and harrison; army expanded to 10,000 men
Native tribes had to give up land north of the Ohio River
Manufacturing prospered behind the wall of the British blockade
Americans emerged as a united nation due to nationist feeling, yet sectionalism was apparent
“Nationalist” literature and art, school texts writing in “American” English
The Capitol building had to be rebuilt; the “White” House was painted. (It was originally built from pink-hued sandstone)

Question 51

What were the main components of Henry Clay’s American System?

Answer 51

Strong Banking System: easy and abundant credit (revived Bank in 1816)

Protective Tariff: protection for American manufacturing from cheap Brit goods (first one in 1816- they made things purposely more expensive so that people would buy local)

National improvements: Revenues from tariff would provide money for roads and canals

Question 52

How did the concept of judicial nationalism influence the individual decisions of the Marshall Court?

Answer 52

The Supreme Court is taking power away from the states and saying that they, as the Court, have power over those things.

Question 53

How did the U.S. seek dominance over the North American continent through military actions and diplomatic efforts during the Madison and Monroe administrations?

Answer 53

• The Battle of New Orleans: they fought against the Brits, the victory led to restoration of nationalism and self-confidence.
• The Rush-Bagot Agreement: made it so neither the Americans or Brits could have a large navy on the Great Lakes
• Anglo-American Convention/ Convention of 1818: America and GB fix the northen boundary of the Louisina Territory at the 19th parallel, also agreeing to a 10-year joint occupation of Oregon and to share Newfoundland fisheries.
• Adams-Onis Treaty/Florida Purchase: Spain ceded FL as well as any claims to Oregon in exchange for the US abandoning claims to Texas. The US promised to pay $5 million in claims. A vague boundary between Louisiana and Spanish territory was also set.
• Russo-American Treaty of 1824: fixed the southernmost limits of Russian territory of 54 degrees 40 minutes