Chapters 6 and 7

Question 1

Louis XIV

Answer 1

King Louis XIV (14th) developed “New france”

Question 2

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 2

Samuel de Champlain established Quebec City in 1608.

Question 3

Jesuits

Answer 3

Jesuits (Catholic missionaries) tried to convert the indigenous people but weren’t very successful.

Question 4

George Washington

Answer 4

-George Washington was sent to the region to deal with the issue of competing land claims, his fam and others held some of the “shaky legal holdings” in the Ohio Country
-Washington and his men headed toward the French outpost Ft. Duquesne (du-kane) now Pittsburgh
-Washington was selected to head the army. He served without pay yet kept a careful expense record (the money he spent out his own pocket) that topped 100k (todays money)

Question 5

Acadians

Answer 5

The british conquered the Acadians in 1713 but in 1755 (fearing an uprising) they uprooted about 4,000 and deported them to French Lousisiana and other Atlantic locations

Question 6

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 6

-ben franklin, author of Poor Richard’s Almanack gave advice like “honesty is the best policy”
He started the first public library and founded what became known as University of PA. (there were 50 public libraries and 40 newspapers by 1776)
Franklin also known for inventions and kite-flying experiment to prove that lighting’s a form of electricity.

Question 7

Iroquois

Answer 7

-The “Beaver Wars” featured the French and Algonquin speaking peoples (the Juron) vs the British and the Iroquois (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora)

-THE ALBANY CONGRESS
The purpose of the intercontinental congress, led by Franklin was:
- To keep the iroquois loyal to the brits
- Achieve colonial unity for common defense

-The Iroquois were reluctant to ally with Brits. (They felt cheated by brit land spectators) They eventually allied with the Brits but didn’t do much fighting

Question 8

Edward Braddock

Answer 8

• Edward “Bulldog” Braddock was trained in European warfare and disliked guerilla-style fighting (which is what he encountered)
• His mission was to capture Ft. Duquesne with a force of 20000 (regs plus militia)
• Artillery slowed the expedition; the Brits has to build a road through the wilderness
• Braddock was killed and the brits were featured in a surprise attack near ft Duquesne

Question 9

P.M. William Pitt

Answer 9

Britain’s 1756 attack on Canada was too broad and British forces were spread too thin.
Prime minister William Pitt changed the strategy, focusing on the big cities and forts (Louis, Quebec (where Wolfe defeated Montcalm,), then Montreal)

Question 10

Pontiac

Answer 10

PONTIAC’S REBELLION
Native people now had to deal with the brits as the major colonial power and couldn’t play france against britain.
Pontiac rebelled (w help from remained French fur traders)
Starting with Detroit, his forces overran all but 3 brit posts west of the Appalachians, killing about 2,000 people. He was killed in 1769 by a rival

Question 11

Sons & Daughters of Liberty

Answer 11

These people were part of a group that fought strongly and boldly through protesting

• The Sons of Liberty engaged in tarring and feathering customs officials and hanging effigies of stamp collectors.
  -The Daughters of Liberty encouraged people to make homespun cloth.
  -The Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)- 342 chests dumped by the Sons of Liberty (about 1 mil in value today)

Question 12

Sam Adams

Answer 12

-Sam Adams made The Boston Tea Party into anti-British propaganda.
-Samuel Adams was the first to organize a committee of correspondence.

Question 13

Paul Revere

Answer 13

Paul Revere made The Boston Tea Party into anti-British propaganda.

the “british are coming” dude

Question 14

P.M. George Grenville

Answer 14

Navigation Laws, 1763. George Grenville ordered strict enforcement of laws as colonists needed to start paying their share of the F&I war. Enforcement not effective, lots of smuggling

Stamp Act Protest: Grenville countered with “virtual representation,” the idea that legislative power and taxation power were one and the same.

Question 15

Thomas Hutchinson

Answer 15

-MA’s governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to comply with The Boston Tea Party rebels (even after his house was ransacked and burned)

Question 16

P.M. Lord North

Answer 16

Lord North (the new British P.M.) proposed that all duties except the one on tea be repealed.

Question 17

Metis

Answer 17

french and indigenous offspring (like mestizo)

Question 18

Beaver Wars

Answer 18

The “Beaver Wars” featured the French and Algonquin speaking peoples (the Juron) vs the British and the Iroquois (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora)

Positive results: both sides profited from the fur trade
Neg Results: beaver population declined in North America. Many Natives people died from disease or became addicted to alcohol gained through trade

Question 19

King William’s War

Answer 19

King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War.
Both sides recruited Native allies and practiced guerilla warfare (no reg armies)
British colonist fought French fur trappers
The Spanish raided SC and the French and their Algonquin allies attacked MA and Ny frontier towns.
The Brits failed to take Quebec and Montreal but succeeded in taking Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia)

Question 20

Queen Anne’s War

Answer 20

King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War.
Both sides recruited Native allies and practiced guerilla warfare (no reg armies)
British colonist fought French fur trappers
The Spanish raided SC and the French and their Algonquin allies attacked MA and Ny frontier towns.
The Brits failed to take Quebec and Montreal but succeeded in taking Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia)
The Peace of Utrecht (1713) ended Queen Anne’s War.

Question 21

Peace of Utrecht

Answer 21

The Peace of Utrecht (1713) ended Queen Anne’s War. Britain gained Acadia as well as Hudson Bay and Newfoundland. The British won trading rights with the Spanish as well.

Question 22

King George’s War

Answer 22

This involved a localized sub-war (the war of Jenkin’s Ear) that merged with the larger conflict.
British captain Jenkins had his ear sliced off by Spanish revenue authors, related to ongoing friction over smuggling.
Again, france and Spain ally against Britain, and New englanders invaded New France.
Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, was captured, but was then given back to the French in the peace settlement. Americans were outraged

Question 23

French and Indian War

Answer 23

-called the Seven Years’ War in Europe
Britain and Prussia (early germany) vs France, Spain, Austria, and Russia.
Fighting was worldwide, but the worst occurred in Germany
The french spent so much monet fighting there that they couldn’ fully fund their fight in North America
The ohio valley became the battleground between the French and the British
George Washington was sent to the region to deal with the issue of competing land claims, his fam and others held some of the “shaky legal holdings” in the Ohio Country

Question 24

New Orleans

Answer 24

after the F and I war, Spain got New Orleans and land west of the Mississippi from France for the treaty of Paris, 1763

Question 25

Ft. Necessity

Answer 25

Washington and his men headed toward the French outpost Ft. Duquesne (du-kane) now Pittsburgh
The Virginans erected Fort Necessity- on July 3, the French surrounded the outpost and coerced the Virginans to surrender after a 10 hour siege

Question 26

Ft. Duquesne

Answer 26

Washington and his men headed toward the French outpost Ft. Duquesne (du-kane) now Pittsburgh

Edward “Bulldog” Braddock was trained in European warfare and disliked guerilla-style fighting (which is what he encountered)
His mission was to capture Ft. Duquesne with a force of 20000 (regs plus militia)
Artillery slowed the expedition; the Brits has to build a road through the wilderness
Braddock was killed and the brits were featured in a surprise attack near ft Duquesne
Native attacks from PA to NC inflamed the frontier
Bounties were offered for Native scalps

Question 27

Albany Plan of Union

Answer 27

The 7 delegates approved franklins “plan of union: for common defense, but the colonel assemblies turned down the idea

Question 28

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Answer 28

The French lost all territory on the continent, except for two small fishing outposts that couldn’t be fortified. They retained Martinique and Guadlupe (super-producing islands in the Caribbean)
Spain got NEw Orleans and land west of the Mississippi from France
Spain turned florida over to britain in exchange for cuba, which the brits had taken. Britain returned Florida to Spain after the American Revolution

Question 29

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 29

The brits wanted to keep colonists east of the Appalachians and out of conflict with Native people.
The colonists viewed this with resentment and refused to obey

Question 30

Mercantilism

Answer 30

(important!!! On-track assessment!!!)
Power= wealth from gold and silver (bullion) in the reasurey
To amass gold and silver, counties needed to export more goods than they importanted
A favorable balance of trade was achieved when the other country had to make up the trade balance with gold/silver payments
The american colonies’s role in the mercantilist system was to provide the mother country w raw materials and a guaranteed market for exports.
Benefits: VA tobacco growers enjoyed a monopoly. Liberal bounties were placed on ship parts and goods from the north. Protection of the British navy.
Drawbacks: Navigation laws. Stifled economic initiative. currency shortage

Question 31

Navigation Laws

Answer 31

-dating back to 1650: crew had to be majority colonial or Brit, goods exported or imported have to be in english/colonial vessels, tariff duties must be collected for most goods.
1763. George Grenville ordered strict enforcement of laws as colonists needed to start paying their share of the F&I war. Enforcement not effective, lots of smuggling

Question 32

Corn Laws

Answer 32

-prohibited export of colonial grain to England (1666)
New England plus NY start manufacturing cloth to make up for lost money
The brits dont allow this, cracking down on fur hat trade, iron and steel forges, and woolen goods

Question 33

Sugar Act

Answer 33

-tax revenue law, halved duty on foreign sugar imports. Offenders tried in court (with no jury and a Brit judge)

Question 34

Quartering Act

Answer 34

-required colonists to house brit soldiers (most common in NY as they had the most number of troops) some colonial assemblies refused to comply

Question 35

Currency Acts

Answer 35

All colonists pay for brit goods in hard currency (gold and silver)
Americans didnt want hard currency leaving the colonies (as it obtained through illegal trade w/ french or dutch)

Question 36

Stamp Act

Answer 36

Taxes on paper products (legal docs, newspaper, games)
Brits had been paying the stamp act but had decided to give it to the colonies instead
Offenders tried in court

THE PROTEST
Stamp Act Congress (Oct. 1765): “no taxation without representation” (Patrick Henry); felt that only colonial assemblies should levy taxes!
Grenville countered with “virtual representation,” the idea that legislative power and taxation power were one and the same.
The Sons of Liberty engaged in tarring and feathering customs officials and hanging effigies of stamp collectors.
Everyday people engaged in nonimportation (boycotts).
The Daughters of Liberty encouraged people to make homespun cloth.

Question 37

Stamp Act Congress

Answer 37

Stamp Act Congress (Oct. 1765): “no taxation without representation” (Patrick Henry); felt that only colonial assemblies should levy taxes!
Grenville countered with “virtual representation,” the idea that legislative power and taxation power were one and the same.

Question 38

Declaratory Act

Answer 38

Stamp Act protests and nonimportation (which put a dent in
British revenues) led to repeal of the act within 6 months.
The Declaratory Act reaffirmed Parliament’s right to make laws that were binding in the colonies.
(Brit repeal stamp act (never went in effect))
(Brits says they wont repeal again)

Question 39

writs of assistance

Answer 39

THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES (1767) Included a provision for the continuance of writs of assistance, which allowed Brit. customs officials to enter warehouses or private homes to enforce the law
American lawyer James Otis attacked the constitutionality of the writs of assistance.

Question 40

Townshend Duties

Answer 40

THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES (1767)
Light import duties on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.
Indirect internal tax, paid at American ports.
Revenues would pay salaries of royal governors and judges.
Included a provision for the continuance of writs of assistance, which allowed Brit. customs officials to enter warehouses or private homes to enforce the law
Nonimportation was used (not as effectively) and tea was smuggled.
Britain sent soldiers to occupy Boston.
American lawyer James Otis attacked the constitutionality of the writs of assistance.

Question 41

nonimportation

Answer 41

Everyday people engaged in nonimportation (boycotts).

Question 42

Boston Massacre

Answer 42

On Mar. 5, 1770, a mob gathered around the British soldiers’ guard post.
Snowballs and seashells were thrown at soldiers; soldiers fired on the crowd.
Crispus Attucks and four others were killed.
Sam Adams and Paul Revere made this into anti-British propaganda.
John Adams defended the soldiers, only two of whom were found guilty of manslaughter.

Question 43

Townshend Tea Act

Answer 43

Lord North (the new British P.M.) proposed that all duties except the one on tea be repealed.
The tea duty (3 pence per pound) was kept to maintain the principle that Parliament could tax the colonies and to keep the struggling British E. India Tea Co. afloat.
(Even with the added tax, the E. India Co.’s tea was cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea.)
Samuel Adams was the first to organize a committee of correspondence.
Other colonies followed suit, and soon intercolonial committees of correspondence were established so that colonists could stay connected regarding ongoing issues.

Question 44

Boston Tea Party

Answer 44

-mass demonstrations at many tea port cities caused tea cargos to be sent back to England.
-MA’s governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to comply with rebels (even after his house was ransacked and burned)
The Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)- 342 chests dumped by the Sons of Liberty (about 1 mil in value today)
Mixed reactions: some were with the Bostonians and even sent food to aid them. Others felt that destroying private property was a violation of the law

Question 45

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Answer 45

Boston Port Act: closed the port until tea was paid for. Offenders tried in Admiralty Court
Other punishments: restricted town meetings, MA charter nullified, MA placed under martial law
Convening of the First Continental Congress (1774) followed: The Suffolk Resolves denounced the Intolerable Acts. Declaration of Rights. “The Association” called for a complete boycott of all British goods.

Question 46

First Continental Congress

Answer 46

Convening of the First Continental Congress (1774) followed the Intolerable Acts: The Suffolk Resolves denounced the Intolerable Acts. Declaration of Rights. “The Association” called for a complete boycott of all British goods.

Question 47

Quebec Act

Answer 47

One of the five Coercive Acts.
Quebec territory extended southward.
French allowed to keep their religion and customs but were denied a representative assembly.
Colonial outrage: Many feared that this was setting a precedent for the end of popular assemblies and jury trials. Many American had land claims in territory that was now considered “Quebec.”

Question 48

Lexington & Concord

Answer 48

The Brit goal was to capture a perceived arsenal at Concord (weapons and supplies had been hidden though)
Shots were fired- 8 American militiamen killed at Lexington
The brits continued to Concord, then turned around toward Boston (more deaths on both sides)

Question 49

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

Answer 49

Lord Dunmore’s 1775 proclamation promised freedom to enslaved people from VA who joined the brits

Question 50

Compare French colonial settlements with English or Spanish colonial settlements

Answer 50

-Spanish were okay with intermarriage, changing some beliefs (not all, like being catheolic) like food, clothing
-most similar to that would be the French

-How did English colonists differ from Spanish or French colonists? Spanish and French colonist were olny going to the americas for fur trades, gold and silver. England went there to get religious freedom and land.

-France and Spain, for instance, were governed by autocratic sovereigns whose rule was absolute; their colonists went to America as servants of the Crown. The English colonists, on the other hand, enjoyed far more freedom and were able to govern themselves as long as they followed English law and were loyal to the king.

Question 51

Commonalities in the WAG wars

Answer 51

William, Anne, and George
King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War.
Both sides recruited Native allies and practiced guerilla warfare (no reg armies)
British colonist fought French fur trappers
The Spanish raided SC and the French and their Algonquin allies attacked MA and Ny frontier towns.
The Brits failed to take Quebec and Montreal but succeeded in taking Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia)
The Peace of Utrecht (1713) ended Queen Anne’s War. Britain gained Acadia as well as Hudson Bay and Newfoundland. The British won trading rights with the Spanish as well.

King Georges’s War.
This involved a localized sub-war (the war of Jenkin’s Ear) that merged with the larger conflict.
British captain Jenkins had his ear sliced off by Spanish revenue authors, related to ongoing friction over smuggling.
Again, france and Spain ally against Britain, and New englanders invaded New France.
Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, was captured, but was then given back to the French in the peace settlement. Americans were outraged

Question 52

Advantages/disadvantages for both sides at the start of the Revolution

Answer 52

BRITISH STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Strength: more people (professional army of 50k), more money (to hire foreign soldiers like Hessians, more ships, loyalists and native allies
Weaknesses: had to fight Irish at the same time, France was looking for an opportunity to fight the Brits, Government was disorganized, far from home, moldy provisions

AMERICAN STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Strength: forgin aid from France, European officers who volunteered to help (like Marquis de Lafayette lol), Women “camp followers” helped with cooking and sewing as women on the same front kept farms and businesses going, fighting for a moral cause
Weakness: had to fight defense, badly organized for war and poorly trained, lack of funds and inflation of “Continental” paper money, Shortage of basic military supplies, food, and manufactured goods, smallpox outbreaks, american profiteers sold to the Brits for gold and forced prices up

Question 53

[Mercantilism] In a constructed response,

a) define mercantilism,
b) discuss the colonial role in the mercantilist system
c) discuss three specific examples that show how the lives of American colonists were affected by British economic policies/acts in the years prior to the American Revolution.

Answer 53

a) mercantilism is an economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries. Governments sought to ensure that exports exceeded imports and to accumulate wealth in the form of bullion (mostly gold and silver)

b) The american colonies’s role in the mercantilist system was to provide the mother country w raw materials and a guaranteed market for exports.

c) Benefits: VA tobacco growers enjoyed a monopoly. Liberal bounties were placed on ship parts and goods from the north. Protection of the British navy.
Drawbacks: Navigation laws. Stifled economic initiative. currency shortage