Chapters 15 and 16

Question 1

The Second Great Awakening

Answer 1

A wave of revivals among many denominations during the early decades of the 19th century characterized by emotional “camp meetings” and hundreds of thousands of people experiencing religious conversion

Effects of the SGA:
Converts to new religions and reorganized churches
Humans were seen as active moral agents capable of steering their souls toward the Christian perfection promised by the advent of God’s kingdom on Earth
Numerous areas of reform were sparked by the feeling that humans had a duty to reform their world in preparation of the second coming of Christ (millenarianism)

Question 2

Lyman Beecher

Answer 2

Presbyterian minister and revivalist
PResident of the Land Theological Society (Cincinnati, OH)
Dedicated to social reform
Anti-Catholic
Father of Harriet Beecher Stowe

Question 3

William Miller

Answer 3

Baptist preacher who believed that Christ would return in 1843 (commencing the events in the Book of Revelation)
Gave birth to the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the so-called “Burned-Over District” in NY. That district was a place of a bunch of religious revivals

Question 4

Charles Finney

Answer 4

Presbytraian minister in NY, “The Father of Modern Revivalism”
Advocated Christian perfectionism (born-again Christians can be free from original sin)
Promoted social reforms such as abolition and women’s education

Question 5

Joseph Smith

Answer 5

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormon Church)
Experienced visions and was directed to a book of golden plates by the angel Moroni; the translated plates formed the basis for the Book of Mormon
Led followers from NY to Kirtland, OH, then to Independence, MO, then Nauvoo, IL (as they weren’t accepted anywhere)

Question 6

The Church of Latter-Day Saints

Answer 6

Known as Mormons
Founded by Joseph Smith

Main Beliefs
Smith believed that he was restoring a latter-day version of the early Crhistaian faith, which had been lost in the “Great Apostasy” (when the Romans mixed pagan beliefs with Christians)
He also believed that polygamy was the highest legal of exaltation of the convent with God. (The church no longer has this belief.) Smith was married to 40 women, included his first wife Emma

Controversies
The 1838 Mormon War led to Smith going to jail and and agreement by the Saints to leave Missouri
Smith was improvised in 1844 for destroying the printing press of a newspaper that criticized his practice
Many people were put off by the religious practices
Smith was killed by a mob in Carthage, IL. Brigham Young took over the sect and moved the people to Utah.

Question 7

Oneida (Who Founded?)

Answer 7

Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in NY (1848-81)
This community practiced complex marriage and mutual criticism
Utopian community

Question 8

Brook Farm (Who Founded?)

Answer 8

Founded by Transcendentalist George Ripley in West Roxbury, MA (1841-47)
Nathaniel Hawthrone was a founding member of this joint-stock company
The experiment ended after the main building burnt in a fire
Utopian community

Question 9

New Harmony (Owenites) (Who Founded?)

Answer 9

Founded in 1814 by Robert Owen, a Scotsman
Early socialist community in Indiana that lacked a shared religious faith and strong leader (Owen was often absent)
Utopian community
Advances were made in education and scientific research

Question 10

Horace Mann

Answer 10

Advocated public education for all students in the mid 1830s
Served in the MA state legislature and on the MA Board of Education
“Father of the Common School Movement”

Question 11

Noah Webster

Answer 11

An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)
Tried to standardize how people spelled words, making differences in American vs British English
His blue-backed spellers taught generations of students

Question 12

William McGuffey

Answer 12

Wrote the McGuffey readers that are used widely throughout the US (early picture books)
Sold 122 million copies between 1836 and 1960

Question 13

Emma Willard

Answer 13

Founded the first women’s school for higher education: The Troy Female Seminary (NY) in 1821, now called the Emma Willard School

Question 14

Mary Lyon

Answer 14

Founder of Wheaton Female Seminary in Norton, MA (1834) and Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary in S. Hadley, MA (1837)

Question 15

Dorothea Dix

Answer 15

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820’s. She traveled widely throughout the US examining how the mentally ill were being treated, lobbied state legislatures and Congress for aid for the mentally ill, and succeeded in establishing institutions for the mentally ill.

Question 16

Temperance

Answer 16

Reducing consumption of alcohol (commonly to prevent spousal abuse and the wasting of pay checks on alcohol)

Question 17

Neal Dow

Answer 17

Mayor Neal Dow (Portland, ME)
Fought for legislation to ban alcohol in Maine, the so-called “Maine law of 1851” (repealed in 1856)
He’s called the “The Napoleon of temperance”
The Portland Rum Riot led to Dow being put on trial (and losing credibility) for violation of prohibition (he has a stash of rum in city hall for “medicinal purposes”)

Question 18

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 18

Known for her women’s rights work, but also for involvement in temperance and abolition movements
Led the American Woman Suffrage Association

Question 19

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 19

Quaker, anti-slavery supporter, women’s rights activist
Founded the National Woman Suffrage Association
The 19th Amendment was originally called the “Anthony amendment”

Question 20

Lucretia Mott

Answer 20

Organized the Women’s Rights Convention with Stanton after their return from the World Antislavery Convention in London
Worked for both anti-slavery and women’s rights causes

Question 21

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 21

First women’s rights convention. Held in NY in 1848. The Declaration of Sentiments was written there. Important people like Frederick Douglass attended

Question 22

Declaration of Sentiments

Answer 22

Based their manifesto on the Declaration of Independence, except it was men who were keeping women oppressed. (A spin on the OG King George III vs colonists)

Question 23

American Antislavery Society

Answer 23

Abolition society founded by Garrison and Arthur Tappan in NYC (1833-1870).

Question 24

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 24

Noted agitator for abolition (called for immediate emancipation) and women’s rights
Published The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper

Question 25

The Liberator

Answer 25

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison. It drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed.

Question 26

Frederick Douglass

Answer 26

Douglass escaped enslavement and became a powerful voice for the antislavery movement
He wrote books about his life, such as My Bondage and My Freedom
He published a newspaper called The North Star

Question 27

The North Star

Answer 27

antislavery newspaper published by Fredrick Douglass

Question 28

Sojourner Truth

Answer 28

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women.

Question 29

American Colonization Society

Answer 29

Early plan to move free Black people to Africa
Liberia founded: 1821-22
Founded by Robert Finley; noted members included Henry Clay and John Randoplh
Thousands left for Liberia

Question 30

Edgar Allen Poe

Answer 30

Romantic Movement
Wrote “The Raven”
Wrote First mystery stories with detectives

Question 31

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Answer 31

(Dark) Romantic Movement
Novels and short stories
Wrote The Scarlet Letter
Focus on the evil and sin in humanity

Question 32

Herman Melville

Answer 32

American Renaissance
Wrote Moby-Dick (1851), a book about Captain Ahab’s quest to kill the white whale that rammed his ship and caused him to lose a leg, leading him to become obsessed. In the end, the injured whale swims away with Ahab in tow

Question 33

Transcendentalism

Answer 33

A literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individuality and self-reliance
Believed each person possess an “inner light” that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God

Question 34

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 34

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He published Nature in 1837, marking the beginning of the transcendentalist movement.

Question 35

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 35

Lived in a cabin of Walden Pond, MA (on Emerson’s land) for two years
Published On Civil Disobedience in 1849 and Walden in 1854
Thereau traveled in Maine with the aid of Penobscot guides

Question 36

Walt Whitman

Answer 36

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Question 37

Minstrel Shows

Answer 37

Variety show with music, dancing, and comedy skits
Performers were white people who wore blackface
Black people were portrayed as stupid, hypersexual, lazy, and superstitious
Lasted for most of the 19th century (morphed into vaudeville)

Question 38

Stephen C. Foster

Answer 38

Folk musician who wrote parlor and minstrel classics like “Swanee River” “Oh! Susannah!” “My Old Kentucky Home” and “Beautiful Dreamer”

Question 39

Hudson River School

Answer 39

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S. 19th century movement
Painters romanticized the landscapes of NY, VT, and NH

Question 40

Daguerreotypes

Answer 40

Early photographs made by exposing polished and tarnish-free silver to halogen or bromine fumes
In use from the 1840’s-50s

Question 41

Magdalen Society (John McDowell)

Answer 41

The organization was intended to help prostitutes, founded in 1800
John McDowell worked for the Magdalen Society in the Five Points district of NYC

Question 42

NY and Boston Female Moral Reform Societies

Answer 42

The NY society was formed by Lidya Finner in 1834 to continue the work of John McDowell
The society focused on prevention of prostitution, such as lobbying the state or entering brothels and praying for prostitutes

Question 43

cotton gin

Answer 43

Eli Whitney’s invention exasperated slavery. His invention brought the “Cottonocracy,” where wealthy planters felt that they “served the public” and a large gap existed between rich and poor.

Question 44

small-scale farming in the South

Answer 44

2/3 of white slave owners owned fewer than 10 enslaved people and often worked in the fields alongside them
Around 3/4 of southern white people didn’t own enslaved people, especially in the Appalachians region

Question 45

slave resistance

Answer 45

• Slowing the pace of labor to a bare minimum
• Stealing food or other goods
• Sabotaging equipment
• Poisoning/killing the master and/or family
• Running away

In 1339, enslaved people aboard the Spanish ship Amistad took command of the vessel and tried to sail back to Africa but washed ashore on Long Island. John Q. Adams secure their freedom

Question 46

slave life

Answer 46

• Most slaves were located in the Deep South (SC –GA; AL–LA)
• Natural reproduction rate kept the domestic slave trade going. Slave family life was relatively stable in the Deep South.
• Masters forced themselves on slave women.
• Families could be separated.
• Troublesome slaves could be sent “down river” (further South) as punishment.
• Hard work, oppression (no civil or political rights)
• White overseers and/or black drivers kept slaves working.
• Slave “breakers” could be brought in to punish strong-willed slaves.
• African roots visible in religious practices (mix of Christianity and African oral traditions).

Question 47

Prosser Rebellion

Answer 47

Gabriel Prosser (Richmond, VA, 1800) - large-scale rebellion planned but foiled; Prosser and 25 followers hanged.

Question 48

Vesey Rebellion

Answer 48

Denmark Vesey (Charleston, SC, 1822)- free black from Haiti whose plans seemed to be to get thousands of blacks to kill whites and take over the city; plans were leaked to the authorities, and he and 30 followers were hanged. (Largest planned slave revolt…or was it?)

Question 49

Turner Rebellion

Answer 49

Nat Turner (VA, 1831) - Escaped slavery but returned to lead a rebellion in which about 60 whites were killed. Turner and his followers were hanged.

Important as it was the only successful rebellion

Question 50

Free-Soil Party

Answer 50

A political party formed in 1848 that was against extending slavery to the western territories. (They wanted the land to be open to white settlement: “free soil, free speech, free labor, free men.”)

Question 51

David Walker

Answer 51

He was a black abolitionist who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. He advocated freedom for slaves and equality for black people. (This was viewed as radical at the time, but it did win over some to the abolition cause)

Question 52

Harriet Tubman

Answer 52

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Question 53

The Gag Resolution

Answer 53

Petitions poured into Congress from antislavery reformers and the House responded with the Gag Resolution (1836), requiring antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate— they just ignore it