Chapters 27 and 28 and the first half of 29

Question 1

Imperialism

Answer 1

Imperialism: the domination of a powerful nation over the police, social, and economic affairs of another nation/region (also called “expansionism”)

Reasons for expansion:
The need for outlets for a growing population
The desire for new markers and raw materials
Missionaries wanted to convert people to Christianity
Taking over new areas was “exciting” and “manly
The need to catch up with the other world powers, who had already divided up Africa and Asia

Question 2

Alfred Mahan

Answer 2

Mahan wrote “The Influence of Sea Power on World History” where it stated that control of the seas was vital to a nation’s strength
It also said that the US should do the following:
Get a better navy
Build a canal across the isthmus of Panama
Get refueling stations in the Pacific and Caribbean

Question 3

“Big Sister” policy

Answer 3

This policy by James Blaine aimed to rally Latn American nations behind US leadership.

Question 4

Queen Lili’uokalani

Answer 4

She was the Queen of Hawaii and was deposed in 1983 and replaced by Sandford Dole, president of the Republic of Hawaii.
Lili’uokalani abdicated her throne in exchange for her life and the lives of her imprisoned supporters. She was placed under house arrest for a year

Question 5

Republic of Hawaii

Answer 5

This is what Hawaii was after the US took control.

Question 6

Insurrectos in Cuba

Answer 6

Rebels that destroyed everything they could in the civil war in Cuba prior to US involvement.

Question 7

reconcentration camps

Answer 7

The Spanish moved around 300k citizens into reconcentration camps, where they could be “guarded.” Poor sanitation and disease killed many

Question 8

the “Yellow Press”

Answer 8

this is another phrase for “yellow journalism”

-
Americans became enraged by the atrocities committed by General Valeriano (The Butcher) Weyler (as reported in the Yellow Press (yellow journalism smh))

Question 9

The De Lome Letter

Answer 9

The Spanish minister to the US (Enrique Dupuy de Lome) wrote an insulting letter about Pres McKinley which was intercepted by the press (Hearst) and published.
De Home was humiliated and was forced to resign
This was really minor but did have an impact on beginnig the war with Spain

Question 10

the explosion of the U.S.S Maine

Answer 10

THE U.S.S MAINE mysteriously blew up while stationed in Havana harbor (Feb 15, 1989)
260 lives were lost (3/4 of the crew)
The Spanish said it was an accident, but Americans insisted that it was a Spanish mine. A 2002 History Channel investigation concluded that a fire in a coal bunker and a weak bulkhead between the coal bunker and a powder bunker were the cause of the explosion
The American public called for war, crying out, “Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain!”
Old Confederate Hero Gen. Wheeler said, “To hell with the Yankees. Damn it, I mean the Spaniards!”

Question 11

the Teller Amendment

Answer 11

Congress voted for Spanish-American war and adopted the Teller Amendment, which would give Cubans their freedom after Spain was overthrown.

Question 12

Emilio Aguinaldo

Answer 12

American troops arrived in August and took Manila with the help of Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo. (He works with the US for now but will turn against the US later)

Denied freedom, an open insurrection broke out among the Filipinos in Feb 1899.
The insurrection ended in 1901 when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured

Question 13

TR’s Rough Riders

Answer 13

The Rough Riders organized by Theodore Roosevelt, who had resigned from his desk job) comprised a motley group of men: cowboys, polo players, and ex-cons. When he gets famous, this gets him into politics.

Question 14

Battle of San Juan Hill

Answer 14

At the Battle of San Juan, Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders made a charge up Kettle Hill while the regulars attacked San Juan Hill, successfully defeating the Spaniards

Question 15

Treaty of Paris, 1898

Answer 15

Cuba was freed from Spanish control, The Americans received Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, The US paid Spain 20 million for the Philippines

Question 16

Anti-Imperialist League

Answer 16

This group arose to fight expansionism. They believed that annexing new regions violated the “consent of the governed” philosophy of the Dec of Ind.
Members included: Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers
Andrew Carnegie offered to buy the Philippines for 20 million dollars so he could set them free, but the offer was rejected

Question 17

Insular Cases

Answer 17

Insular Cases: the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not extend with full force to the new lands

Question 18

Foraker Act

Answer 18

The Foraker Act (1900) gave PR citizens limited means of pop. gov. Puerto Rico doesn’t have a vote in Congress, but does have a non-voting member of the House called a “Resident commissioner”

Question 19

the Platt Amendment

Answer 19

The US left Cuba but made it write a US approved constitution. The Platt Amendment stated Cubans were not allowed to impair their independence by making treaties with other countries on running up debt

Question 20

Open Door note

Answer 20

Sec of State John Hay’s Open Door note urged the great powers to announce that they could respect Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition in China
Only Italy accepted, as it has no leasehold in China. Hay interpreted the Russian refusal as acceptance

Question 21

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 21

The Chinese fought back against the West in the Boxer Rebellion (1900). Over 200 whites (many missionaries) were killed. “Kill Foreign Devils!” was the Boxer phrase.
A multinational force (including the US) quelled the rebellion
The indemnity forced upon China was 333 million dollars. US share- 24.5 million dollars.

Question 22

McKinley vs. Bryan (1900)

Answer 22

Teddy Roosevelt was chosen as McKinley’s running mate to get him out of the way of NY political bosses. TR toured the country for McKinley (who campaigned from home)
William J. Bryan campaigned as an anti-imperialist
McKinley’s slogan was “A Full Dinner Pail”
McKinley easily defeated Bryan

Question 23

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Answer 23

The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): Britain gave the US the right to build a canal and fortify it. (This overturned the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty)

Question 24

Panamanian Revolution

Answer 24

Panamanian revolutionaries and French engineer Phillippe Bunau-Varilla started the Panamanian Revolution of 1903. Colombian soldiers gathered to crush the rebellion, but US naval forces wouldn’t let them cross the isthmus

Question 25

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Answer 25

After the successful revolution, Bunau-Varilla (by then a Panamanian minister) signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (similar to previous treaty) The French got 40 million dollars from the US Treasury

Question 26

Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick diplomacy)

Answer 26

The Roosevelt Corollary: TR declared that the US would intervene in the case of financial difficulties in Latin American countries and keep outsiders out of the Western Hemisphere
The Great White Fleet: TR ordered a procession of US battleships (all 16) around the world
Teddy Roosevelt said, “Speak softly and carry a big stick— you will go far.”

Question 27

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 27

Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) TR acted as a sponsor of peace negotiations in the Russo-Japanese War (Portsmouth, NH) He earned a Nobel Peace Prize

Question 28

“Yellow Peril”

Answer 28

“The Yellow Peril ‘’ was the fear the White Americans would be outnumbered by Asians. The Japanese were barred from citizenship, faced racism, and were segregated in schools.

Question 29

Root-Takahira Agreement

Answer 29

The US and Japan signed the Root-Takahira Agreement, in which both countries pledged to respect each others possessions in the Pacific

Question 30

Progressives

Answer 30

Progressives were middle-class reformers from both major parties, in all regions, who waged war against society’s “evils” like monopoly, corruption, and social injustice. They aimed to use govt as an agency of human welfare

Question 31

Muckrakers

Answer 31

Muckrakers believed that their writing would arouse the public conscience and lead to the righting of social wrongs.
TR dubbed investigative journalists “muckrakers” in 1906. He felt that some wrote articles that were untrue and “stirred the pot” for no reason.

Question 32

Jacob Riis

Answer 32

A famous muckraker for “How the Other Half Lives” (how poor people lived different lives compared to the rest of NYC)

Question 33

Upton Sinclair

Answer 33

A famous muckraker for “The Jungle” (horrors of the meatpacking industry)

Question 34

progressive achievements

Answer 34

Direct primary elections
The initiative, so that voters could propose legislation
The referendum, so that the people would give final approval to laws
The recall, to enable voters to remove elected officials
The Australian (secret) ballot
Direct election of US senators (achieved w 17th Amendment, 1913)
Women’s suffrage (achieved w 19th Amendment, 1920)

Question 35

Muller v. Oregon

Answer 35

Muller v. Oregon (1908): The Supreme Court ruled that an Oregon law limiting female factory workers to a 10-hr day based on their “weaker bodies” was constitutional

Question 36

Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire

Answer 36

In 1909, workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory led a city-wide strike for higher wages, fewer hours, and the right to unionize
Many shops gained from the lengthy strike, by the TSF workers were not permitted to unionize
The triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire (1911): violations in the fire code turned the factory into a death trap; 146 works (mostly women) died inside or fell from the 8th/9th story windows
The NY legislature then passed stringent laws regulating hours and conditions in sweatshop labor.
The owners’ trial resulted in an acquittal. Jurors believed it was an “act of God”

Question 37

TR’s Square Deal

Answer 37

The Three C’s: Control of the Corporations, Consumer Protection, and Conservation of Natural Resources

Question 38

Elkins Act

Answer 38

Railroad legislation that makes heavy fines for rebates.

Question 39

Hepburn Act

Answer 39

Railroad legislation that won’t let free passes.

Question 40

Meat Inspection Act

Answer 40

(1906): meat that crossed state lines was subject to inspection “from corral to can”

Question 41

Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 41

(1906): required ingredient labels on canned goods and packages”

Question 42

Conservation vs. Preservation

Answer 42

Conservation (saving the land for use) vs Preservation (saving the land without use)

Question 43

John Muir

Answer 43

John Muir was the founder of the Sierra Club. He was a preservationist that wanted to kept Hetch Hetchy Valley in CA untouched. Muir is famous for his hundreds of miles-long “rambles” throughout the US. He is also known for his racism, as he did not want American Indians to stay on the land.

Question 44

Dollar Diplomacy

Answer 44

Taft encouraged Wall St bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic concern to the US (China, the Caribbean, Central America)
The goal was to undermine the dominance of European countries in these regions

Question 45

Taft the Trustbuster

Answer 45

Taft had 90 lawsuits against the trusts in 4 years
Standard Oil was ordered to dissolve in 1911 under the “rule of reason” which held that only those combinations that “unreasonably” restrain trade were illegal
Taft sued US Steel, infuriating TR, who had personally been involved in the merger and believed US Steel was a “good” trust
The interstate Commerce Act was strengthened by increasing federal control of railway rates, as well as telegraph and telephone companies

Question 46

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill

Answer 46

Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill, which aimed to lower the tariff, but failed due to the hundreds of tariff revisions tacked onto it (42% tax rate)
The bill did provide for an income tax amendment, a corporate tax, and free trade for the Philippines
In a hastily written speech, Taft announced that this was the “best bill the Republicans had ever passed” thus offending the progressive wing of the party

Question 47

Taft-Roosevelt Split

Answer 47

A rift between the Old Guard (Taft) and the Reformists (Progressives) (TR)

Taft was not TR and couldn’t fill his shoes. He was passive toward Congress, wanted to do things legally, and often opted to maintain the status quo. TR believed that the executive should lead the charge in dictating lawmaking. Taft sued US Steel, infuriating TR, who had personally been involved in the merger and believed US Steel was a “good” trust. Taft fired Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot, citing laws that had been violated during TR’s presidency regarding land withdrawals. TR was infuriated. Taft called Roosevelt supporters “emotionalism and neurotics”

Question 48

Bull Moose Party

Answer 48

TR abandoned his promise not to run for a third term by joining the Progressive, or “Bull Moose” Party

Question 49

TR’s New Nationalism

Answer 49

TR’s “New Nationalism” platform included consolidation of trusts, the growth of gov regulation, women’s suffrage, and social welfare

Question 50

Wilson’s New Freedom

Answer 50

Wilson’s “New Freedom” campaign was also progressive, including stronger antitrust legislation, banking reform, and tariff reduction. Wilson advocated entrepreneurship and the free market, but not women’s suffrage and social welfare

Question 51

Wilson’s Triple Wall of Privilege

Answer 51

Wilson called for an all-out assault on these 3 areas: The Tariff, the Banks, and the Trusts

Question 52

the Underwood Tariff

Answer 52

The Underwood Tariff substantially reduced tariff rates. A graduated income tax (16th Amendment, 1916) replaced lost tariff revenue

Question 53

the Federal Reserve Act

Answer 53

Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act which set up a Board to 1. Oversee a nationwide system of 12 regional banks and 2. Issue paper money

Question 54

the Federal Trade Commission Act

Answer 54

The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) set up a commission to look for unfair trade practices in industries engaged in interstate commerce

Question 55

the Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Answer 55

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1914) by adding a lost of objectionable business practices (like price discrimination, interlocking directorates)
The Clayton Act also exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution

Question 56

Wilson’s Missionary Policy

Answer 56

Wilson disliked both imperialism and dollar diplomacy, yet his dream was to see democracy established in Latin America

Question 57

the Vera Cruz Incident

Answer 57

The Tampico Incident (1914) led to the arrest of U.S. sailors who had
entered an off-limits area in Mexico.
The sailors were released, but the Mexicans refused to agree to the American
demand for a 21-gun salute.
A ship loaded with armaments for Huerta (not our ally) was in port.
Acting w/o Congressional approval, Wilson ordered the port of Vera Cruz to be taken. A 6-month occupation commenced.
The ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) intervened.
Huerta’s regime collapsed and Carranza became president.
The U.S. (now supporting Carranza) cut off aid to Pancho Villa.
Later, Pancho Villa attacked Columbus, NM, and General Pershing was sent with 5,000 men to capture Pancho Villa.
The looming threat of war with Germany ended the near war with Mexico.
General Pershing was ordered to withdraw.

Question 58

Who are the 3 Progressive presidents? And Compare and Contrast them (should i keep this slide?)

Answer 58

Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

Taft was least progressive in comparison, angering TR and his supporters.
Roosevelt and Wilson agreed with one another that the fed gov needed to take more action in economic and social issues.

(okay just look at the progressive pres. chart bc I’m not writing all that smh)