Chapters 13 and 14 Flashcards
John Q. Adams
PRESIDENT JOHN Q. ADAMS
Supported internal improvements, national university, astronomical observatory
Tired to curb speculation of Western lands and treated tribes fairly
Son of John Adams
vision not accepted due to increased sectionalism. Many people wanted states rights over national
Ineffective administration. Adams later served in House of Reps and succeeded
he’s a national republican
Andrew Jackson
Jackson a democratic-republican
Jackson’s supporters called him a supporter of the common man. This was untrue, he had a massive mansion, lots of lands, and many slaves.
With states reducing or abolishing property requirements, more people could vote than ever before. More than 1.1 million voted in 1828 (versus 357,000 in 1824). Jackson won by using a populist style, appealing to the people.
PRESIDENT JACKSON
-Old Hickory inauguration, Symbolised rise of masses
Common people invited to party and the White house got trashed
JACKSON’S INDIAN POLICY
Federal Policy from the 1790’s recognized tribes as sovereign nations, land gained from formal treaties
Five Civilized Tribes followed path of accommodation: CHerokee, Creek, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles
Jackson doesn’t agree with them being sovereign people, wants to move the tribes west to save them from annihilation
Jackson genuinely felt the need to protect Indians’ welfare if it did not interfere with rights of U.S. citizens. He had taken an Indian orphan into his home and was regarded by many chiefs as a friend.]
Jackson hated the bank, calling it a monster and vetoed against it, removing federal deposits from the vaults.
Henry Clay
Henry Clay ran five times, but only on the ballot three times
Clay seems to have thrown election to John Q. Adams in return for nomination as Sec of State. He hoped this would propel him to the position of President
Henry Clay threw his influence behind a compromise bill that reduced the tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years.
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay (national Republicans, later called Whigs) made the bank a campaign issue in 1832 by proposing an early renewal of the banks charter
Prominent Whig!
Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle was the president of the bank, dubbed “Czar Nicholas I” by his enemies
Biddle called in loans (letting people to pay their loans back quickly despite initially they were supposed to have a long time to do so) to create a financial panic after Jackson removed federal deposits from the vaults, but Jackson remained firm
Martin Van Buren
Because of the Kitchen Cabinet scandal, 5 out of 8 of J.’s cabinet members resigned (including Eaton), and Van Buren replaced Calhoun as Jackson.’s running mate in 1831.
Van buren was a political machine-made candidate would could not fill Jackson’s shoes once President and had inherited J’s enemies
He advocated lower tariffs and free trade
Martin Van Buren and William H. Harrison ran against each other twice: Buren wins in 1836, and Harrison wins in 1840.
William H. Harrison
Martin Van Buren and William H. Harrison ran against each other twice: Buren wins in 1836, and Harrison wins in 1840.
Prominent Whig
The Whigs focused on the “Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign” (The idea that Harrison lived in a log cabin and drank cider to stay warm, (but he truly lived in a mansion))
Harrison won with a slim popular margin, but with a overwhelming electoral margin
Stephen Austin
Stephen Austin led the “Old Three Hundred” (297 families) to Texas in the mid-1820s.
Austin banished “undesirables” like drunks and gamblers. There were about 30,000 Texans by 1835
Stephen Austin was jailed for 8 months while trying to negotiate with Santa Anna
Sam Houston
Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas
General Houston lured Santa Anna to the area and attacked Santa Anna during siesta (the middle of the day during people napped due to the heat)
Santa Anna
Santa Anna, the Mexican Dictator and general of the Mexican Army moved against the Texans in 1835. He wiped out all local rights and raised an army to suppress them.
Stephen Austin was jailed for 8 months while trying to negotiate with Santa Anna
General Houston lured Santa Anna to the area and attacked Santa Anna during siesta (the middle of the day during people napped due to the heat)
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign two treaties. (1. Withdraw from Texas and 2. Recognize the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico) Santa Anna later repudiated both
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney’s invention made separation the seeds from the cotton fiber 50x more effective than handpicking
Eli Whitney also invented a process for mass producing rifles
Interestingly, the cotton gin perpetrated slavery, which led to the Civil War, while the mass-production of the rifle gave the North an advantage during the war
Samuel Slater
In 1791, Slater opened the first mill for spinning cotton thread in Pawtucket, RI
Children aged 7-12 were the first employees
Parliament had prohibited the export of cotton machines and the emigration of mechanics who worked on the machines
The British called him “Slater the Traitor” as he wasn’t allowed to take the blueprints out the country bc the British wanted to keep the ideas for themselves, so he memorizes it and builds one in the US
Slater came to the US with the plans for the water frame in his head and recreated the machine from scratch
John Deere
Invented the steel plow.
Samuel Morse
The telegraph (code by Samuel Morse) led to a web of communication by the time of the Civil War “what hath God wrought?” was the first thing sent
Robert Fulton
Robert Fulton’s steamboat (The Clermont) made its first journey up the Hudson River in 1807
All of America’s rivers could now be two-way arteries. The West and South especially benefited
Steamboats could travel 10 mph against the Mississippi’s current versus the previous 1 mph rate of keelboats. Steamboats were dangerous, however, and prone to boiler explosions
John Calhoun
Jackson’s VP. He revived the states’ rights theory of nullification in the South Carolina Exposition (1828). He argued against the tariff and advocated for state’s rights, limited government, and nullification.
“The Corrupt Bargain”
Four candidates and no clear winner: John Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson (won popular vote), William Crawford (had two strokes but was still in running), Henry Clay (in 4th place). The election was decided by the House; as Speaker, Clay presided over the decision. Clay probably threw the election to Adams in return for nomination as Secretary of State.
spoils system/patronage
Patronage Rewarding loyal supporters with jobs
Illiterates, incompetents, crooks, etc given administrative jobs
Not good for the gov
National Republicans (Whigs)
Valued community.
More liberal than democrats in their support of government programs and reforms such as public schools, prohibition and abolition (supported by some).
Favored the “American System”: a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements. Claimed to be the true defenders of the “common man.”
Democratic Republicans
Valued individual liberty.
Federal restraint in social and economic affairs.
Favored states’ rights.
On guard against “privilege” in government.
kitchen cabinet
The Peggy Eaton (Petticoat) Affair of 1831 led to the creation of the kitchen cabinet.
Peggy and John Eaton (Jackson’s Sec. of War) had married 2 years after Peggy’s first husband died. It became a Washington scandal. [J. was sensitive to this, as he and his wife had gone through a similar scandal.]
Because of the scandal, 5 out of 8 of J.’s cabinet members resigned (including Eaton), and Van Buren replaced Calhoun as J.’s running mate in 1831.
Jackson surrounded himself with loyal supporters who were dubbed the “kitchen cabinet.”
Tariff of Abominations
The 1828 tariff raised the already high 1824 tariff to 50-60 percent level
Benefit: protected American industry from British competition
Detriment: drove up prices for Americans. Hurt South + West agriculture with retaliatory tariffs abroad
SC took lead in fight against tariffs
John Calhoun (Jackson’s V.P.), revived the states’ rights theory of nullification in the South Carolina Exposition (1828). He argued against the tariff.
Nullification = ignoring federal law if it compromised states’ rights.
South Carolina Exposition
John Calhoun wrote this in order to speak against the “Tariff of Abominations,” and proposed nullification of the tariff.
nullification crisis
“Nullies” in SC not placated by the 1832 tariff decrease to 35 percent. Threatened to secede.
Jackson threatened to invade SC and have Nullies hanged, not supporting disunion
Force Bill authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect tariff duties if needed
Clay influenced another reduction. SC hung around
Henry Clay threw his influence behind a compromise bill that reduced the tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years.
SC, finding no other allies, repealed its ordinance of nullification (after it nullified the Force Bill).
Force Bill
Force Bill authorized the president to use the army and navy to collect tariff duties if needed
Five Civilized Tribes
Five Civilized Tribes followed path of accommodation: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles
Indian Removal Act
(1830)
All American Indian tribes that reside east of the Mississippi were to be either removed to Indian Territory or submit to state and federal laws.
Moved away from packed areas to make room for settlement
Idea was to protect everyone
Black Hawk’s War
Black Hawk led the resistance movement of Sac and Fox tribes (Illinois, Wisconsin) against eviction from Illinois, the homeland of his people. “Black Hawk’s War” ended in 1832 with an American victory at the Battle of Bad Axe
-Black Hawk and others escaped, but eventually turned themselves in to authorities. He met President Jackson, who sent him to live at Ft. Monroe for a month. Then he was paraded around the US to see how powerful white people had become
Second Seminole War
(1835-42): the government made another attempt to move the Seminoles to Indian Territory. Chief Osceola led the resistance but was captured after 7 years of guerilla-style fighting
Treaty of Hopewell
The Treaty of Hopewell (1785) established borders between the US and the Cherokee lands and made anyone who entered Cherokee territory subject to Cherokee law
Cherokee Nation v. GA
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): The Cherokee stated that they were an independent nation, as previous treaties with the U.S demonstrated (like the Hopewell Treaty)
The Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokee were a “domestic dependent nation” under the care of the US government (not the individual states) (so the states should not be interfering)
Worcester v. GA
Missionaries violated a GA law prohibiting white men from entering native land without a state license and were sentenced to hard labor. The court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a “distinct community” with self-government “in which the laws of Georgia can have no force.”
GA was improperly interfering with the Cherokee Nation/ US relationship. Additionally, even though the Cherokee were under the protection of the US govt, Marshall argued that “protection does not imply the destruction of the protected.” (targeting the Indian Removal Act bc they dont like it)
Trail of Tears
The Treaty of New Echota (1835): a minority faction of the Cherokee (led by Major Ridge) agreed to cede Cherokee territory for 5 million and move to Indian territory by May 23, 1836. Only about 2,00 had left by the deadline
The Trail of Tears (1838-39): forced removal of 18,000 Cherokees, inducing leader John Ross (Van Buren was President by this time) 4,000-8,000 died along the way. The people were robbed and cheated by anyone wielding local police power
Bank War
Jackson hated the bank, calling it a monster. No bank had more power than the National Bank
Because it was private, it had the authority to print paper money. (The US mind only produced gold and silver coins) the value of paper money fluctuate, but the BUS was stable, so its notes held their value
The Bank was not accountable to the people. Noly to its investors. Profit was the number 1 priority (foreclosure on farms was common)
Nicholas Biddle was the president of the bank, dubbed “Czar Nicholas I” by his enemies (as in Jackson lolz)
Daniel Webster and Henry Clay (national Republicans, later called Whigs) made the bank a campaign issue in 1832 by proposing an early renewal of the banks charter
They hoped that when Jackson vetoed the bank. He would alienate the wealthy in the ast
Jackson won election despite the Bank War because the people who were for the bank were a small minority compared to the agricultural regions in the South and West who loved Jackson. He soundly defeated Clay.
“pet banks”
The banks that Jackson used for federal funds
“wildcat banks”
The pet banks turned into these banks which flooded the country with devalued paper currency
Specie Circular
an attempt by Jackson to rein in financial panic by requiring all public lands to be purchased with hard money (gold/silver)
Panic of 1837
caused by rampant speculation, which led to bank closures, factory shutdowns, and widespread hardship. Luckily for Jackson, he had retired by then.
“Remember the Alamo!”
The Alamo: 13-day siege in late Feb of 1826 by the Mexicans against the Texans. The Mexicans stormed the Christian mission group, killing all the defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett (a Tenessean who sympathized with the Texas cause)
“Remember the Alamo!” became a rallying cry for Texans who wanted revenge, and many men signed up to fight against the Mexicans
Battle of San Jacinto
(NEAR HOUSTON. TX)
General Houston lured Santa Anna to the area and attacked Santa Anna during siesta (the middle of the day during people napped due to the heat)
Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign two treaties. (1. Withdraw from Texas and 2. Recognize the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico) Santa Anna later repudiated both
The US hesitated to admit Texas to the Union bc it would be a very large slave state (or possibly several smaller slave state)
“Log Cabin & Hard Cider” campaign
The Whigs focused on the “Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign” in the 1840 election. The idea was that Harrison was a relatable man who lived in a log cabin and drank cider to stay warm (but he truly lived in a mansion)
nativism
Anti-immigrants, believed that immigrants would “overwhelm the native stock” as immigrants practiced disagreeable religions (like Catholicism) and had many children
…
Acts of violence (although uncommon) were perpetrated on Catholics in particular
Catholic schools attacked, Catholic churches burned, and Catholics were killed
Father John Bapst was tarred and feathered in Ellsworth for denouncing the use of a Protestant Bible in public schools
Know-Nothing Party
The American (Know-Nothing) Party wanted rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization
Industrial Revolution
It all began with the invention of the steam engine and textile production machines in England. The ingredients of the revolution were:
1. Abundant, cheap labor (America had millions of immigrants)
2. Raw materials (used for industrial production)
3. Mechanization (required capital investment)
inventions of the 19th century
-The sewing machine (Elias Howe, Isaac Singer) brought seamstresses out of the home and into the factory
-Colt’s revolver— important in the Civil War and in the West
-The telegraph (code by Sameuel Morse) led to a web of communication by the time of the Civil War “what hath God wrought?” was the first thing sent
-All new devices were registered at the Patent Office
-LLC’s “Limited Liability Corporations” allowed the investor to risk no more than nis share of the corporation’s stock
Lowell System
“factory girls” lived in boardinghouses, worked 12-13 hours a day, were supervised during free time, and were escorted to church on their only day off
Erie Canal
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: THE ERIE CANAL
New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (363 miles)
The governor at the time made it with just state funds, and some people thought it a waste of time, calling it “Clinton’s Big Ditch”
The Canal was completed in 1825. The cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC fell from 100 dollars to 5 dollars, and the time of transit fell from 20 days to 6.
Immigrants were attracted to the route of the canal, and cities like Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago explored in population and influence
Market Revolution
This transformed a subsistence economy of scattered farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerce
The self-sufficient households of colonial days were long gone
Advances in manufacturing and transporting widened the gulf between rich and poor. Mobility was possible, but not the norm
Wages for unskilled workers rose about 1 percent a year between 1820 and 1860. This staved off potential class conflict
Transportation Revolution
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: HIGHWAYS
Turnpikes: Lancaster to Philadelphia, 62 miles. Once you paid the toll, the barrier of sharp pikes was turned aside.
The National (Cumberland) Road from Cumberland, MD, to St. Louis, 591 miles (finished in 1852)
States righters got in the way of speedy construction because of the use of national money instead of state money
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: STEAMBOATS
Robert Fulton’s steamboat (The Clermont) made its first journey up the Hudson River in 1807
All of America’s rivers could now be two-way arteries. The West and South especially benefited
Steamboats could travel 10 mph against the Mississippi’s current versus the previous 1 mph rate of keelboats
Steamboats were dangerous, however, and prone to boiler explosions
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: THE ERIE CANAL
New Yorkers built the canal linking the Great Lakes with the Hudson River (363 miles)
The governor at the time made it with just state funds, and some people thought it a waste of time, calling it “Clinton’s Big Ditch”
The Canal was completed in 1825. The cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC fell from 100 dollars to 5 dollars, and the time of transit fell from 20 days to 6.
Immigrants were attracted to the route of the canal, and cities like Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago explored in population and influence
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: RAILROADS
The first railroad track was laid in 1828, but by 1860 the US had 30,000 miles of track, most in the North
Early RRs faced strong opposition from canal backers, leading to temporary legislation prohibiting RRs from lauling freight
Early RRS were also considered a public menace, due to accidents (brakes were feeble) and the occasional spark lighting houses and haystacks on fire
Differences in track gauge meant frequent changes of trains and without standardized time, arrivals, and departures were conjectural
THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION: CABLES, CLIPPERS, AND PONY RIDERS
The first successful transatlantic cable for telegraph communication was laid in 1866
Clipper ships were produced in the 1840s-50s. They could outrun steamships but needed a good wind and couldn’t carry as much cargo.
Stagecoaches were a familiar sight in the West by 1858.
The Pony Express carried mail from Missouri to CA, but it lasted only 18 months (1860-61). Tha main competition was from the telegraph
THE TRANSPORT WEB
By the eve of the Civil War, each region specialized in a particular type of economic activity. This had fateful political and military implications
The South raised cotton for export to New England and Britain
The West grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in the East and in Europe
The Northwest made machines and textiles for the South and West
Cult of Domesticity
“THE CULT OF DOMESTICITY” OR “CULT OF TRUE WOMANHOOD”
The Cult of Domesticity developed with the emergence of the market economy, when the prior links between family and community closed off
The family took on a new meaning for the emerging middle class. The home was an “emotional refuge” for the man, and private space for the family
The ideal woman was pious (religious), pure, submissive, and domestic.
separate spheres
Men occupied the “public sphere” rationality, aggressiveness, independent, and toughness were needed
Women were deemed both intellectually and physically inferior to men. They occupied the private sphere” nature, morality domesticity, passivity, and delicacy balanced the male traits
How did the Bank War start?
Jackson believed that his election was a mandate to kill the bank, so he removed federal deposits from the vaults
Biddle called in loans (letting people to pay their loans back quickly despite initially they were supposed to have a long time to do so) to create a financial panic, but Jackson remained firm
What were the effects of the Bank War?
The banks that Jackson used for federal funds were dubbed “pet banks”. Unfortunately, w/o the central bank in control, these banks became “wildcat banks” which flooded the country with devalued paper currency
Jackson issued the Specie Circular (1836) to rein in financial panic by requiring all public lands to be bought with hard money like gold and silver.
(Panic of 1837 important)
Jackson’s war on the bank led to the Panic of 1837, caused by rampant speculation, which led o bak closures, factory shutdowns, and widespread hardship. Luckily for Jackson, he had retired by then.
What differentiated Whigs from Democrats?
WHIGS (H. Clay):
-Valued community
-More liberal than Democrats in their support of government programs and reforms such as public schools, prohibition & abolition (supported by some)
-Favored the “American System”: a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements
DEMOCRATS (A. Jackson):
-Valued individual liberty
-Federal restraint in social and economic affairs
-Favored states’ rights
-On guard against “privilege” in gov’t
How did pioneers change the environment of the West?
Land was exhausted and then abandoned (esp. In tobacco regions)
Ecological imperialism: heedless exploration of populations of beaver and bison nearly drove these species to extinction
They mined, burned down trees, farmed, left exhausted plots of land, polluted water.
The West was seen as a “wild, unspoiled area,” romanticized in literature and painting
George Catlin advocated the preservation of the West
Discuss an example of a Supreme Court case during the Jackson administration that
dealt with the issue of federal power vs. state power regarding native people.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): The Cherokee stated that they were an independent nation, as previous treaties with the U.S demonstrated (like the Hopewell Treaty)
The Marshall Court ruled that the Cherokee were a “domestic dependent nation” under the care of the US government (not the individual states) (so the states should not be interfering)
What roles did Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Andrew Jackson play in the nullification crisis?
Henry Clay: threw his influence behind a compromise bill that reduced the tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of 8 years.
John Calhoun: revived the states’ rights theory of nullification in the South Carolina Exposition
Andrew Jackson: threatened to invade SC and have the nullifiers hanged. He would not support disunion.
Discuss the role of the cotton gin (both positives and negatives)
Positives: separating the seeds from the cotton fiber 50x more effective than handpicking, made selling cotton highly profitable, North built more machines to turn cotton into textiles
Negatives: increase in slavery, pushing west for even more land
Discuss an example of native people resisting the Indian Removal Act.
Black Hawk led the resistance movement of Sac and Fox tribes (Illinois, Wisconsin) against eviction from Illinois, the homeland of his people. “Black Hawk’s War” ended in 1832 with an American victory at the Battle of Bad Axe
The Second Seminole War (1835-42): the government made another attempt to move the Seminoles to Indian Territory. Chief Osceola led the resistance but was captured after 7 years of guerilla-style fighting
