Chapters 25 and 26

Question 1

Dumbbell tenement

Answer 1

The dumbbell tenement was 7-8 stories high and had shallow, sunless air shafts in the middle to provide ventilation. Several families on a floor would share a hallway toilet.

Question 2

“New Immigrants”

Answer 2

The “New Immigrants” of the 1880s-1920s came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many didn’t speak English, were orthodox Christians or Jewish, and lived in ethnic enclaves in cities.
Nativist sentiment rose in America— was the US becoming a “dumping ground” rather than a “melting pot?”

Question 3

nativism

Answer 3

Nativism (antiforeignism) emerged in force in the 1880s.

Question 4

Jane Addams (Hull House)

Answer 4

Jane Addams opened Hull House (a settlement house) in Chicago to help women and children by offering daycare, counseling, and English instruction

Question 5

American Protective Association

Answer 5

The APA was a nativist group that claimed 1 million members

Question 6

“social gospel”

Answer 6

This is the idea that churches should do more to help society. A new generation of liberal Protestants believed this.

Question 7

Salvation Army

Answer 7

The Salvation Army (founded in England) was established in America in 1880. Its aim was to help the poor (and convert them to Christianity). Women wore padded bonnets to protect them from abuse as they were being attacked for converting people

Question 8

YMCA/YWCA

Answer 8

The “Young Men’s Christian Association” and the “Young Women’s Christian Association” combined religious and physical education.

Question 9

Fundamentalists vs. Modernists

Answer 9

A rift split Fundamentalists, who believed that Scripture is the infallible word for God, from Modernists, who saw some room for interpretation

Question 10

Chautauqua Movement

Answer 10

The Chautauqua Movement (1874) provided lectures featuring well-known speakers and courses for home study (William J. Bryan was the most popular speaker)

Question 11

Booker T. Washington
(accommodationist approach) vs. W.E.B. DuBois (equality/NAACP)

Answer 11

Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist approach, as expressed in the Atlanta Compromise, aimed for Black people to learn useful trades (Self Help) so they could gain self respect and economic security in a white world. He taught Black students at the Tuskegee Institute in AL. He believed in postponing the campaign for equality

W.E.B Du Bois (Dr. William Edqard Burghardt) demanded equality for Black people and helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which developed out of the Niagara Movement. Du Bois was the first Black man to receive a PHD from Harvard

Question 12

“yellow journalism”

Answer 12

Joseph Pulitzer’s colored comics, featuring the “Yellow Kid” gave the name “yellow journalism” to sensationalist reporting

Question 13

Comstock Law

Answer 13

The Comstock Law of 1873 was the first of its kind, banning the mailing of pornographic images. This law was later used against the mailing of information about birth control.

Question 14

Carrie Chapman Catt (NAWSA)

Answer 14

Carrie Chapman Catt became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded in 1890.
She argued that women needed to vote in order to fulfill their traditional duties of wife/mother in the increasingly public world.

Question 15

WCTU (Frances Willard, Carrie A. Nation)

Answer 15

Militant women encouraged temperance through the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)
Frances Willard was the head of this organization but isn’t talked about much
Carrie A. Nation (the Kansas Cyclone” smashed saloons with her hatchet. She was arrested over 30 times between 1900 and 1910. Her first husband died of alcoholism.

Question 16

literature (“Lowbrow,” Regionalism, Realism, Naturalism)

Answer 16

“Lowbrow” fiction was generally inexpensive and easy-to-read.
Realism was authors finding subjects for their work in the world around them.
Naturalism was writers that sought to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of humans
Regionalism was writers that sought to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways before the coming of industrialization

Question 17

“Concentration” system

Answer 17

“Concentration” system: First Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) and Treaty of Ft. Atkinson (1853) attempted to restrict tribes to certain areas.

Question 18

Sand Creek

Answer 18

Sand Creek (1864): Tensions increased in the Denver area following the murder of a white family by a “Cheyenne/Arapaho” (not known which one) raiding party
Cheyenne chief Black Kettle initiated peace talks with the local fort commander; the Cheyenne agreed to remain in their camp
Goaded by Gov. Evans, Col. Chivington’s men massacred and mutilated the bodies of around 150 Cheyenne (old men, women, kids) Warriors were out hunting; “Dog Soldiers” were not living among the group. Retaliation followed.

Chivington resigned from the military, sparing himself court martial. Reparations to the Cheyenne were promised but never paid (not needed info tho)

Question 19

Fetterman massacre

Answer 19

(1866): A Lakota/Cheyenne/Arapaho war party ambushed Captain Fetterman’s men, who were guarding the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming (connecting Ft. Laramie to Montana’s gold fields) All 81 Soldiers (including Fetterman) were killed and mutilated. It’s part of Red Cloud’s War.

Question 20

Second Treaty of Ft. Laramie

Answer 20

(1868): the gov promised the Teton Sioux, Dakota, and Arapaho people a reservation and the rights to the Black Hills.
Gold was found in the Black Hills in 1874, prompting the US gov to seize the land

Question 21

Great Sioux War

Answer 21

The Sioux, inspired by the visions of Chief Sitting Bull, fought the American forces in the Great Sioux War of 1876.
Teton (Lakota) Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho fought the US army

Question 22

Sitting Bull

Answer 22

He got his name from sitting in the middle of a battle and calmly smoking a pipe because he had a vision that he would be unharmed.

Question 23

George Custer

Answer 23

George A Custer’s Seventh Cavalry (among others) were sent out to suppress the American Indian population in the West.
He was called “Yellow Hair”, “Long Hair”, “Curly: He was vain about his appearance and arrogant in his actions
He graduated bottom of his class at West Point due to his not following orders. But he was excellent at combat.

Custer attacked a force of 2500 with only 264 men. Every white man was killed because he was told to wait for reinforcements but he chose not to wait
Consequently, the US army relentlessly hunted down the Sioux and put them on reservations.

Question 24

Chief Joseph (Nez Perce)

Answer 24

A Nez Perce band under Hinmahtooyahlatkekt (meaning Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain) (Chief Joseph) fled toward Canada in 1877 but was followed by the US Army and captured 40 miles from the border.
The Nez Perce were sent to Oklahoma, where 40 percent died from disease
“From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more, forever.” Chief Joseph, he said this while surrendering.

Question 25

Geronimo (Apache)

Answer 25

Apache tribes, led by Geronimo (“he who yawns”) fought both the Mexicans and the Americans
In the end, Geronimo’s band was pursued into Mexico by American troops and were sent to Oklahoma
In his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity, attending the World’s Fair and Teddy Roosevelt’s inauguration, but he never returned to his native land in Mexico (the Gila River)

Question 26

Ghost Dance

Answer 26

In 1890 the government outlawed the Ghost Dance, which aimed at peacefully ending white expansion through American Indian unity (They didn’t want them to be united, as they were scared they would get together and revolt or something). It was based on the prophecies of Wovoka (Paiute). Standing Rock Reservation police shot and killed Sitting Bull during a failed arrest attempt (They feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement)

Question 27

Battle of Wounded Knee

Answer 27

At the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) 200 Dakota Sioux (mostly women and kids) were killed by the US Army. Participation in the Ghost Dance dropped dramatically.

Question 28

Dawes Severalty Act

Answer 28

Dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual American Indian heads of households with 160 acres of land.
Citizenship was promised to western tribes (note: citizenship from all American Indians was granted in 1924)
Some reservation lands were sold to the railroads and to white settlers. The Proceeds were used to support American Indian welfare programs.
The Carlisle Indian School in PA “assimilated” American Indian children into American culture
“Field Matrons” were tasked with teaching American Indian women sewing, chastity, and hygiene

Question 29

Helldoradoes

Answer 29

Boomtowns called “Helldorados” followed mining camps (like “Hell on Wheels” for railroads)

Question 30

Homestead Act

Answer 30

The Homestead Act brought 500k people onto the Plains, but the 160 acres was hardly enough to sustain a family on the arid Great Plains. There wasn’t enough water and it was hard to maintain life/ grow crops. (they didnt know about the water reservoir under the Plains yet)
More people bought land from railroads, land companies, or states. People used sod to build homes

Question 31

Dry Farming

Answer 31

This is crop production without irrigation during a dry season. This formed the Great American Desert in the High Plains and helped bring on the Dust Bowl.

John Wesley Powell (Director of the US Geological Survey) warned that so little rain fell in the region that agriculture was impossible without irrigation

Question 32

Helen H. Jackson

Answer 32

Helen Hunt Jackson wrote “A Century of Dishonor” about the plight of Native Americans

Question 33

Frederick Jackson Turner

Answer 33

The Frontier was declared “closed” by Turner in 1890
Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 essay discussed the frontier as a “Safety value” for the unemployed in cities. With the closing of the frontier, this safety value was shut off
“America history was been in large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West.” -Turner

Question 34

Jacob Coxey’s Army

Answer 34

Jacob S. Coxey, a wealthy Ohio quarry owner and Populist, set out for Washington DC, demanded that the gov relieve unemployment with a public works program
Coxey, his wife, and infant son (“Legal Tender”) rode in a carriage while his “army” walked behind. They were arrested for walking on the grass at the Capitol.

Among those watching the march was L. Frank Baum, author of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Question 35

Pullman Strike

Answer 35

The Pullman Palace Car Co. cut wages by 1/3. Workers went on strike, overturning Pullamn cars and paralyzing RR tariff out of Chicago.
Across the country, around 250k workers went on strike.
Federal troops sent in by Cleveland crushed the strike

Question 36

Eugene V. Debs

Answer 36

Eugene V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union, was sentenced to 6 months in prison for defying an injunction order. He had issued the order to strike. Debs became a socialist while in prison and later ran 4x for President: 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 (the last time was from prison)

Question 37

McKinley vs. Bryan

Answer 37

Monetary policy issue: maintain the gold standard or inflate the currency by monetizing silver?
In the 1896 election, William McKinley (R) battled William Jennings Bryan (D). Bryan advocated free silver, while William McKinley supported gold.

Question 38

“Cross of Gold” speech

Answer 38

Bryan advocated free silver, which he outlined in his “Cross of Gold” Speech. (the cross of gold is a bad thing btw)

Question 39

Gold Standard Act of 1900

Answer 39

The Gold Standard Act of 1900 states that paper currency could only be redeemed for gold, Signed by Mckinley, this effectively stopped the fight for bimetallism
The US stayed on the gold standard until 1933, then returned to it in a modified form under the Bretton Woods agreement in 1945. Nixon took the US off the gold standard in 1971.