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Year 10 Flash Cards > Science - Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Science - Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zygote

A

A single cell formed by the result of the fusion of two gametes

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2
Q

Where is the embryo attached

A

The uterus but does not resemble the shape of a baby

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3
Q

What are haploid cells

A

One set of chromosomes
One chromosome in a human = 23
In humans, gametes are haploid

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4
Q

What are diploid cells

A

two sets of chromosomes
Two chromosomes in humans = 46
In humans, all body cells other than gametes are diploid

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5
Q

What is DNA

A

The instruction of physical characteristics

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6
Q

What are DNA’s four base pairs

A

G, C, T, A

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7
Q

What is DNA found in

A

the shape of the double helix or a twisted staircase helix

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8
Q

What are genes

A

A section of DNA for a specific characteristic eg hair colour and height

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9
Q

What are chromosomes

A

a length of DNA which is made up of many genes. Chromosomes are stored in the nucleus of a cell

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10
Q

What is an allele

A

a different form of a gene eg if a gene is hair, the alleles is black, brown, blonde, or red

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11
Q

What is dominant

A

in geneitcs, an allele which shows its effect when there is only one allele of a pair. it is represented by uppercase letters

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12
Q

What is recessive

A

A gene that is not expressed if the dominant allele is also present

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13
Q

What is homozygous

A

A genotype is homozygous when it is made up of two of the same allele

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14
Q

What does homo mean

A

the same

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15
Q

What is heterozygous

A

A genotype is heterozygous when it is made up of two different alleles

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16
Q

What is discrete

A

Characteristics where you are either one thing or another which are inherited and usually controlled by one pair of genes

eg you are male or female

17
Q

What is continuous

A

Where most genetic differences are not either/or. These features are usually controlled by one or more pairs of genes.

eg skin colour, weight

18
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division responsible for growth and repair

19
Q

What is meiosis

A

cell division responsible for producing sperm or egg cells

20
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics

eg humans selectivity breed farm animals with better quality meat or wool

21
Q

What is fitness

A

The context of natural selection is the measure of success. If an individual is ‘fit’ it is more likely to find a mate and reproduce

22
Q

What is natural selection

A

A species ability to adapt to a changing environment

23
Q

What is evolution

A

the change in characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection

24
Q

What is a scientific theory

A

a well-tested, broad explanation of a natural phenomenon

25
Q

What is canatomical evidence

A

Where most mammals have the same 1-2-5 arrangement of arm and leg bones

26
Q

What is chemical evidence

A

similarities between biological molecules that reflect shared evolutionary ancestry

All living organisms share
- DNA
- The same of highly similar genetic codes
- the same basic process of expressing genes with physical characteristics
- the same molecular building blocks such as amino acids

27
Q

What is fossil evidence

A

documenting the evidence of now-extinct species showing that different organisms have lived on Earth during different periods of the Earths history

28
Q

What is a punnet square

A

a table which all outcomes between 2 individuals with known genotypes are given

29
Q

What does genotype mean

A

Genotype: refers to the exact pairing of alleles eg B = blue b = green there are 3 possible outcomes

BB, Bb, bb

30
Q

What does phenotype mean

A

Phenotype: the expression of the trait and where two alleles work together to create what people can see eg B = blue b = green there are 2 possible outcomes as genotypes
BB and Bb both give the same phenotype which is blue

31
Q

What is a cell

A

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body

32
Q

What are characteristics

A

a distinguishing quality, trait, or feature of an individual, thing, disorder, etc

33
Q

What is a mutation

A

an accidental alteration in a genetic material which can be big or small, harmful or helpful

34
Q

What is variation

A

The differences in characteristics within a population which can be caused by mutations (environment or genetics)

35
Q

3 examples of mutations

A

Cystic fibrosis
Cancer
Lactose intolerance

36
Q

What is a gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Year 10 Flash Cards (18 decks)

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