Science Final Exam Flashcards
Transcription
DNA makes single stranded complementary RNA copies of itself
Where does transcription happen?
nucleus
Translation
protein synthesis- RNA carries genetic information
Function of translation?
used to assemble proteins and amino acids
where do translations happen?
ribosomes
Gregor Mendel
contributes to our understanding of genetics. Austrian monk, wanted to know why things look the way they do (inspired by pea plants)
gene
a segment of DNA that controls a specific trait
allele
the possible alternative form of the gene
locus point
location of the gene on the chromosome
blending hypothesis
idea that some offspring have traits that are blended from both parents (white and red flowers make pink)
genotype
refers to the alleles (letters)
phenotype
what the organism will look like physically
incomplete dominance
happens when both parents have a capital genotype (dominant) and so when mixed, they blend together (white and red flower makes pink).
multiple allelic trait
trait is controlled by multiple alleles, so it exists in multiple allelic forms (example blood type AB)
polygenic inheritance
one trait is governed by multiple genes (which happens when a gene is governed by 2 or more alleles, examples include hair and eye color, height or weight)
how could environment play a part in a phenotype of an organism?
what temperature the individual is exposed to, exposure to sunlight, etc
principle of dominance
if there are two differing alleles, the dominant allele will show through in the phenotype
principle of segregation
two alleles separate when gametes are formed (RR separates into R and R when the gamete forms)
principle of individual assortment
law explaining how genes separate independently of one another when reproductive cells develop
interspecific competition
when species compete for the same resources
mutualism
relationship where both species benefit from each other
commensalism
relationship where one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
a biome with a mild, warm, temperate climate. Animals include zebras, gizelle, and giraffe. Trees are fairly sparce and spread out.
Savanna
located between polar and non-polar environments. Temperate environment, with changing seasons. Animals include coyote, deer, otters, red fox, and bobcats
temperate deciduous forest
also known as prairies, flat and open, not rainy enough for forests. Animals include bison, prairie dogs and antelope
grasslands
part of Alaska and Canada, cold, minimal sunlight, animals include reindeer, and polar bear
tundra
most abundant ecosystem bc of all the water covering the earth
aquatics
4 factors that determine aquatic biomes
- the amount of energy input (sunlight penetration)
- temperature
- nature of the bottom (substrate)
- dissolved materials
where a tide meets a stream
estuaries
permafrost
ground that remains completely frozen
arboreal
refers to trees (an arboreal animal would live in trees)
nocturnal
active at night (fox, racoon, porcupines, coyote)
fossorial
a burrowing animal (prairie dog, vole/mole, groundhog)
leaching
a process where nutrients are washed away by heavy rainfall or flooding into other bodies of water
information ___________ is not always __________ (what did we learn from Mendel)
inherited, expressed
During meiosis chromosomes assort _________ and by ___________ (what did we learn from Mendel)
separately, chance
levels of organization of the human body (a,m,c,t,o,os)
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organs, organ system
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, and membranes (body covering)
skeletal system
bones
muscular system
movement, muscle control and strength
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves which send messages and communicates pain and feeling
endocrine system
makes hormones (which is a chemical messanger)
cardiovascular system
heart and tubes that carry the blood (arteries and veins)
lymphatic system
cleans out and discards dead cells, gathers liquidy parts of the blood and sends it back into the body so it doesn’t leak
respiratory system
lungs- brings in oxygen and gets rid of co2
digestive system
digestion-breaks down and absorbs nutrients
urinary system
excrete waste, get rid of urea acid and nitrogen waste
reproductive system
fertilization and gamete production/procreation. Only system that is different in the sexes
scientific method steps
observation, pose a question, hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion
science definition
investigating the universe, organizing the knowledge into logical structures
hypothesis
tentative explanation, consistent with facts, can be proved false
theory
a hypothesis supported by a large body of observations and experiments
characteristic of life: made of _____
cells
characteristic of life: capable of ______ and ________
growth and development
characteristic of life: includes all the changes that take place during the life of an organism
development
characteristic of life: acquire ________ and _______
materials and energy
characteristic of life: body is able to ________
move/movement
characteristic of life: respond to _______
stimuli
characteristic of life: new life comes from the organism
can reproduce
prokaryotic cells are anatomically ________
simple
prokaryote cells include
bacteria only
procaryotic cells lack a _______
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
what is included in a eukaryotic cell
everything aside from bacteria
classification of organisms
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
