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semester 2 > HGD exam 2 > Flashcards

HGD exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain encoding

A

initial recording of information

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2
Q

explain storage

A

information saved for use later

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3
Q

explain retrieval

A

how well material is recovered from storage

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4
Q

automatization

A

processes that require little attention- automatic to the child (tying a shoe)

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5
Q

memory control strategies examples

A

rehearsal, scripts, metamemory, pairing similar sounds, drills teach skills

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6
Q

explain scripts

A

general representation of a sequence or series of events

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7
Q

explain metamemory

A

understanding of memory and the prosses underlying it (ex. how long do I need to study to remember?)

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8
Q

explain sensory store

A

momentary storage of information- only lasts for an instant

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9
Q

example of sensory store

A

twinge of pain, sound, visual image

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10
Q

explain short term memory (also called working memory)

A

holds information for 15-25 seconds, limited capacity of memory being held

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11
Q

examples of short term memory items

A

number, word, letter

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12
Q

central executive memory

A

the way we process information in working memory

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13
Q

long term memory

A

limitless capacity, using retrieval cues to access memory

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14
Q

retrieval cue

A

stimuli that helps someone recall information (ex. hearing a song of importance brings back a memory)

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15
Q

declarative memory

A

memory that holds factual info- names, dates, and facts

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16
Q

procedural memory

A

memory related to skills and habits- how to ride a bike or ice skate

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17
Q

true or false: short term memory improves with age

A

true

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18
Q

example of an attention getting stimuli

A

a loud noise, turning the lights on and off

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19
Q

example of attention holding stimuli

A

telling stories, engaging activities

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20
Q

true or false: attention control increases with age

A

true- one can ignore distracting stimuli better when they are older

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21
Q

true or false: research shows memory increases and capabilities with age

A

true

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22
Q

infantile amnesia

A

lack of memory under three years old

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23
Q

autobiographical memory

A

memory occurring after three years old

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24
Q

true or false: autobiographical memory lasts well into adulthood and beyond

A

false- these memories start to fade as time goes on, unless it was a significant memory, then it is more likely to be remembered and in detail

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25
Q

true or false: adulthood/middle adulthood experience little memory loss

A

true

26
Q

code based approach

A

teaching children the sounds (phonics) to be able to decipher words

27
Q

whole-language approach

A

teaching children the words as a whole

28
Q

A child might be speaking their first words around…

A

10-14 months

29
Q

what is fast mapping

A

new words are associated with their new meaning after only a brief encounter

30
Q

what age does a child have a vocabulary around 14,000 words

A

age 6

31
Q

pragmatics

A

communicating effectively and appropriately with others (understanding the basics of conversations)

32
Q

private speech

A

speech used by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

33
Q

social speech

A

by preschool years, kids are starting to direct their speech towards others

34
Q

metalinguistic awareness

A

increasing understanding of a child’s own use of language

35
Q

infant-directed speech

A

style of speech directed at infants (the way we talk to them)

36
Q

true or false: families who are on welfare are exposed to 13 million fewer words compared to professionals

A

true

37
Q

what words do children in welfare families hear more often

A

“no” and “stop”

38
Q

intelligence

A

capacity to understand the world, think rationally, use resources effectively

39
Q

French school system intelligence test

A

Alfred Binet created diagnostic tests

40
Q

intelligence quotient

A

mental/chronological age times 100

41
Q

gardener’s 8 intelligences

A

musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

42
Q

practical intelligence

A

learning primarily thru modeling and observing others

43
Q

language

A

systematic and meaningful arrangement of symbols, basis for communication

44
Q

phonology

A

basic sounds that are combined to produce words and sentences (phonemes)

45
Q

morphemes

A

smallest language unit with meaning

46
Q

semantics

A

rules that govern words and sentences

47
Q

linguistic comprehension

A

understanding of speech

48
Q

linguistic production

A

use of language to communicate

49
Q

prelinguistic communication

A

communication thru sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation

50
Q

babbling

A

speech like but meaningless sounds

51
Q

holophrases

A

one-word utterances (stand for a whole phrase)

52
Q

telegraphic speech

A

creation of sentences but leaving out words that aren’t critical to the message

53
Q

under extension

A

using words restrictively

54
Q

over extension

A

using words too broadly, over generalizing their meaning

55
Q

syntax

A

combining of words and phrases to form sentences

56
Q

fast mapping

A

process where new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter

57
Q

grammer

A

rules that govern thoughts and how to express them

58
Q

pragmatics

A

communicating effectively and appropriately with others

59
Q

private speech

A

language not intended for others (spoken)

60
Q

social speech

A

directed toward another person and meant to be understood by them

61
Q

intonation

A

tone of voice

semester 2 (4 decks)

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