HGD exam 2 Flashcards
explain encoding
initial recording of information
explain storage
information saved for use later
explain retrieval
how well material is recovered from storage
automatization
processes that require little attention- automatic to the child (tying a shoe)
memory control strategies examples
rehearsal, scripts, metamemory, pairing similar sounds, drills teach skills
explain scripts
general representation of a sequence or series of events
explain metamemory
understanding of memory and the prosses underlying it (ex. how long do I need to study to remember?)
explain sensory store
momentary storage of information- only lasts for an instant
example of sensory store
twinge of pain, sound, visual image
explain short term memory (also called working memory)
holds information for 15-25 seconds, limited capacity of memory being held
examples of short term memory items
number, word, letter
central executive memory
the way we process information in working memory
long term memory
limitless capacity, using retrieval cues to access memory
retrieval cue
stimuli that helps someone recall information (ex. hearing a song of importance brings back a memory)
declarative memory
memory that holds factual info- names, dates, and facts
procedural memory
memory related to skills and habits- how to ride a bike or ice skate
true or false: short term memory improves with age
true
example of an attention getting stimuli
a loud noise, turning the lights on and off
example of attention holding stimuli
telling stories, engaging activities
true or false: attention control increases with age
true- one can ignore distracting stimuli better when they are older
true or false: research shows memory increases and capabilities with age
true
infantile amnesia
lack of memory under three years old
autobiographical memory
memory occurring after three years old
true or false: autobiographical memory lasts well into adulthood and beyond
false- these memories start to fade as time goes on, unless it was a significant memory, then it is more likely to be remembered and in detail
true or false: adulthood/middle adulthood experience little memory loss
true
code based approach
teaching children the sounds (phonics) to be able to decipher words
whole-language approach
teaching children the words as a whole
A child might be speaking their first words around…
10-14 months
what is fast mapping
new words are associated with their new meaning after only a brief encounter
what age does a child have a vocabulary around 14,000 words
age 6
pragmatics
communicating effectively and appropriately with others (understanding the basics of conversations)
private speech
speech used by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
social speech
by preschool years, kids are starting to direct their speech towards others
metalinguistic awareness
increasing understanding of a child’s own use of language
infant-directed speech
style of speech directed at infants (the way we talk to them)
true or false: families who are on welfare are exposed to 13 million fewer words compared to professionals
true
what words do children in welfare families hear more often
“no” and “stop”
intelligence
capacity to understand the world, think rationally, use resources effectively
French school system intelligence test
Alfred Binet created diagnostic tests
intelligence quotient
mental/chronological age times 100
gardener’s 8 intelligences
musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
practical intelligence
learning primarily thru modeling and observing others
language
systematic and meaningful arrangement of symbols, basis for communication
phonology
basic sounds that are combined to produce words and sentences (phonemes)
morphemes
smallest language unit with meaning
semantics
rules that govern words and sentences
linguistic comprehension
understanding of speech
linguistic production
use of language to communicate
prelinguistic communication
communication thru sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation
babbling
speech like but meaningless sounds
holophrases
one-word utterances (stand for a whole phrase)
telegraphic speech
creation of sentences but leaving out words that aren’t critical to the message
under extension
using words restrictively
over extension
using words too broadly, over generalizing their meaning
syntax
combining of words and phrases to form sentences
fast mapping
process where new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
grammer
rules that govern thoughts and how to express them
pragmatics
communicating effectively and appropriately with others
private speech
language not intended for others (spoken)
social speech
directed toward another person and meant to be understood by them
intonation
tone of voice
