CLEP College Composition (chapter 2) Flashcards
Organization in writing
The order in which information is presented
Chronological organization
Sequence of events presented in order of occurrence (first, then, next, finally)
Emphatic organization
Information presented in order of importance (phrases such as “the main reason” or “also played a role” can show importance)
Generality organization
Information presented in order of specificity, either from general to specific or from specific to general (ex beginning with a broad theme and getting narrower)
Comparison organization
Information presented about things in order to compare and contrast them
Cause effect organization
Information about the relationship between a cause or causes and the effects produced by the causes
Purpose of writing is
The main reason for creating the written work. Purpose is also influenced by audience
Tone refers to
The authors underlying attitudes
Observations (type of evidence) are
The authors personal observations put into writing
Findings in evidence are
Another form of evidence which consists of findings described by someone other than the writer
Authority in evidence includes
the authority of groups, experts, organizations, scholarly work, and testimonials
“Alcohol should not be consumed while pregnant owing to a substantial number of studies…” has a focus more on (authority, findings, or observations)?
findings
“According to the Surgeon General, consuming alcohol while pregnant is dangerous” has a focus more on (authority, findings, or observations)?
authority
“As my sister Clarisa observed while pregnant, chocolate milk should be avoided during this time” has a focus more on (authority, findings, or observations)?
observations
reasoning
the idea that the writer does not blatantly spell out what might happen in some cases such as a smoker’s mattress catching fire due to a cigarette falling on the mattress. The writer does not have to tell the reader that the consequences will be bad because the reader can use their reasoning to figure that out.
The sentence “Sir Winston Churchill is known as a mesmerizing speaker because his speeches to huge crowds in Whitehall and elsewhere had a riveting effect on the public” is an example of which type of argument?
circular- the writer is assuming that Churchill was a mesmerizing speaker and his speeches were riveting, and those two words are similar to each other, the writer is saying that Churchill was mesmerizing because he was mesmerizing (circular argument)
level of detail governs how much ______ goes into a sentence so that the sentence has (more, just enough, not many) details to maintain balance
detail, just enough (not to much, not too little)
coherence
clarity and connectedness of written information
coherence is determined when the reader can understand…
the elements including phrases, paragraphs, sentences, ideas, and themes)
would a paragraph that has two main focuses be considered coherent? (example: bottled water is bad, plastic bottles pollute the earth)
no because the paragraph would be focusing on more than one topic which could cause confusion. If the writer wanted to talk about both topics, they can split the topics into two paragraphs
one way to include connectedness throughout a work is to use repeating ______ throughout different paragraphs to show connection
words
The main idea is the most important ______ developed in a ________, _________, or ________ of writing in its entirety.
point, paragraph, passage, work
The thesis statement is the author’s _______ on a topic.
opinion
All written works contain a thesis (true or false)
false- all written works contain a main ideas, not all contain a thesis
A _______ _______ summarizes the main _______ of the paragraph
topic sentence, idea
The topic sentence can be the first sentence in a paragraph or it can be located in the last paragraph (true or false)
true
______ consists of the use of language in an effective and persuasive way.
rhetoric
the three general approaches to persuasion (Aristotle) include
ethos, pathos, logos
ethos includes
the writer’s own authority, the author tells the reader that they are knowledgeable/trustworthy
pathos includes
audience’s emotions- engagement of the audience, by engaging the audience’s interests through amusing topics, or eliciting certain emotions
logos includes
audience’s reason- getting readers to think about a topic through compelling evidence for an argument
