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semester 2 > Science Exam 3 > Flashcards

Science Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. Every living thing is made of cells
  2. Cells always come from previously existing cells
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2
Q

what is a cell?

A

Smallest unit capable carrying all of life’s activities

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3
Q

Which scientists came up with and popularized the idea that cells divide to form other cells?

A

Remak and Virchow

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4
Q

Remak and Virchow’s theory

A

cells divide in order to give rise to new cells

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5
Q

Robert Hooke’s contribution to cells

A

coined the term “cell” after looking through the microscope and identifying the cork cells (dead cell walls)

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6
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek contribution to cells

A

created the first microscope in the 1600s to see living cells. The light source was sunlight or candle light

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7
Q

prokaryotic cells are anatomically (simple, complex)

A

simple

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8
Q

prokaryotic cells includes only

A

bacteria

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9
Q

Prokaryotic cells are (smaller, larger) in size compared to other cells

A

smaller

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells are unique in that they lack a …

A

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cells grow (rapidly, slowly), and (divide, multiply) frequently

A

rapidly, divide

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12
Q

What life is included in eukaryotic cells?

A

everything living except for bacteria

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13
Q

Eukaryotic cells have a distinct ______ which is surrounded by 2 membranes

A

nucleus

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14
Q

The nucleus on the eukaryotic cell contains _______

A

genetic code

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like material outside of the nucleus (inside the plasma membrane)

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16
Q

cytosol

A

liquid surrounding the cytoplasm

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17
Q

The organelles in a cell float in the ____

A

cytosol (located in the cytoplasm)

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18
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

2 layered double membrane structure

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

region that assembles ribosomes

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

loose strands of DNA and protein

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21
Q

Chromatins contain thousands of ______

A

genes

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22
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis (aka builds) proteins and some lipids. Production factory

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23
Q

vacuoles

A

storage of material

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24
Q

microbodies

A

contains enzymes for metabolic reactions

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25
Q

rough ER plus golgi creates…

A

microbodies

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26
Q

peroxisome

A

converts fats to carbohydrates

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27
Q

glyoxysome

A

converts fat to sugar for energy

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28
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell. Cellular respiration occurs

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29
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

process of converting carbohydrates to ATP

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30
Q

ATP is…

A

universal energy model to run ALL CELLS on the planet

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31
Q

Aerobic Respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) + H2O (water) + O2 (oxygen) —> CO2+ H20+ ATP (this happens in the mitochondria

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32
Q

Chloroplast

A

found in plants and algae

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33
Q

layers of membrane sacs of the chloroplast are called…

A

thylakoids

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34
Q

chlorophyll is found in the…

A

thylakoids

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35
Q

what does chlorophyll do?

A

traps light energy

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36
Q

what element equation makes up the photosynthesis reaction

A

CO2+H2O—> C6H12O6+O2+H2O

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37
Q

Stroma

A

space within the inner membrane of the chloroplast containing enzymes to help with photosynthesis

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38
Q

smooth ER

A

metabolize lipids, breaks down compounds (example ibuprofen) and gets rid of it when it’s done it’s job (pain killing)

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39
Q

rough ER

A

site of ribosome synthesis

40
Q

ribosome is a key player in making sure proteins take the correct ____

A

shape

41
Q

golgi complex/apparatus

A

involved in packaging; sends out what the ER made. Also packages enzymes to form lysosomes

42
Q

lysosomes

A

recycling/takes care of “trash”, sometimes breaks it down into its monomers. Digests old parts of a cell

43
Q

central vacuoles are only found in _____ ______

A

plant cells

44
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoid sacs

45
Q

cristae

A

folds within the mitochondria that increase surface area

46
Q

third membrane in the stroma forms disc-shaped thylakoid which hold…

A

chlorophyll

47
Q

cytoskeleton

A

frame work to give cells their shape

48
Q

centrosome

A

determines cell shape, directs construction

49
Q

microtubules

A

hollow fibers made of the protein tubulin

50
Q

microfilaments

A

fibers important in movement

51
Q

centrioles

A

in the centrosome of animal cells, needed for nuclear division

52
Q

mitosis- what is it and the results from it

A

division of body cells. The result is 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

53
Q

meiosis- what is it and the results from it

A

production of gametes, a division of cells which results in four cells with half the number of chromosomes

54
Q

haploid cell

A

a cell with a single set of chromosomes

55
Q

diploid cell

A

a cell with two complete sets of chromosomes

56
Q

the first cell to result from fertilization is called the …

A

zygote

57
Q

interphase is the time where the cell is …

A

not doing reproduction

58
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm so that the cell can be split into unique cells

59
Q

G1 phase

A

cell doubles its organelles and accumulates materials needed for DNA synthesis

60
Q

G0 phase

A

normal life functions

61
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication- DNA synthesis

62
Q

G2 phase

A

cell synthesizes proteins necessary for cell division

63
Q

Generation time

A

the time it takes to complete one cell cycle

64
Q

stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

65
Q

prophase characteristics

A
  1. chromatin organizes into chromosomes (loose strands organize into the X shaped chromosomes)
  2. nuclear envelope gone
  3. spindles attach to centrosomes
66
Q

chromosome

A

compacted DNA (X shaped)

67
Q

Chromatin

A

loose string DNA

68
Q

Chromatid

A

replicated DNA

69
Q

metaphase characteristics

A

chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell

70
Q

anaphase characteristcs

A
  1. centromeres are pulled apart and sister chromatids separate
  2. chromatids are pulled to each pole
71
Q

telophase characteristics

A

reverse of prophase:
1. nuclear envelop forms
2. chromatids uncoil
3. spindles disassemble
4. small cleavage furrow forms

72
Q

meiosis is used in ______ _______ because it produces ________ and reduces the number of ________ by half so that the offspring will have the correct amount

A

sexual reproduction, gametes, chromosomes

73
Q

males conduct meiosis from

A

puberty to death

74
Q

females conduct meiosis from

A

birth to puberty

75
Q

true or false: all animals do meiosis

A

true

76
Q

homologous pairs

A

paired chromosomes that have information that codes for the same traits

77
Q

which pair of chromosomes (number answer) determines sex?

A

pair 23

78
Q

meiosis 1 separates …

A

each homologous pair

79
Q

synapsis

A

homologous pairs pair up together

80
Q

after synapsis what happens?

A

crossing over

81
Q

number 1 method for chromosome diversity

A

crossing over

82
Q

prophase 1

A

synapsis and crossing over happens

83
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous pairs line up at the equatorial line (pairs line up side by side, not in a line)

84
Q

anaphase 1

A

independent assortment (separates independently of each other, but centromeres stay attached)

85
Q

what makes meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 different regarding sister chromosomes?

A

the sister chromosomes stay together in meiosis 1

86
Q

telophase 1

A

the daughter cells are in haploid form. By the end of this phase, cells have reached reduction

87
Q

Interphase II

A

DNA does not replicate and sister chromatid stay joined

88
Q

interphase II analogy (think of interphase as an _________)

A

airport layover- we don’t want to unpack the materials yet

89
Q

all cells have three things in common:

A
  1. a cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. DNA
90
Q

diploid cell refers to …

A

any cell in the human body

91
Q

the letter and number used to represent a diploid cell is

A

2n which equals 46 chromosomes

92
Q

goal of mitosis is to make a (diploid, haploid) cell

A

diploid copy

93
Q

replacing damaged cells: mitosis or meiosis

A

mitosis

94
Q

order of the phases once the cell enters into the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2

95
Q

G1, S, and G2 are all a part of…

A

interphase

96
Q

mitotic phase does…

A

the actual copying of the cell

97
Q

G0 phase is…

A

when cells do not divide, they just stay in this phase and never divide.

semester 2 (6 decks)

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