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semester 2 > Science Exam 2 > Flashcards

Science Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

One of water’s properties is being polar, which means

A

partial positive and partial negative charge (uneven sharing of electrons)

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2
Q

Another property of water is that it is a solvent, which means

A

it can dissolve things easily

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3
Q

water moves ______ around

A

energy

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4
Q

Another property of water is that it exhibits _______ and _______ forces

A

cohesive and adhesive

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5
Q

Cohesion is…

A

water molecules seek to stick together due to hydrogen bonding (think about how water droplets run into one another because they seek to stick together)

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6
Q

Adhesion is…

A

water molecules stick to other substances

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7
Q

Adhesion + cohesion creates…

A

capillary action

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8
Q

Capillary action

A

tendency of water to rise through narrow tubes (tree trunks getting water to the tops of their branches)

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9
Q

Another property of water is that it maintains a _______ __________

A

stable temperature

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10
Q

Specific heat is…

A

the amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celsius

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11
Q

Water has (high or low) specific heat

A

high

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12
Q

density refers to…

A

how close/far apart the molecules spread

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13
Q

water is at its densest at what degree

A

4 degrees celsius (39.2 degrees fahrenheit)

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14
Q

temperature gets colder—> molecules move…

A

slower (so that they can pack closer together)

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15
Q

Most substances (increase, decrease) in density with (increasing, decreasing) temperature

A

increase, decreasing

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16
Q

acid refers to…

A

a compound that ionizes in water to yield H positive ions and an anion

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17
Q

base refers to…

A

a compound that ionizes in water to yield OH negative ions and a cation

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18
Q

acids are proton (donors, acceptors)

A

donors

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19
Q

bases are proton (donors, acceptors)

A

acceptors

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20
Q

what are the numbers on the pH scale?

A

numbers 0-14

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21
Q

on the pH scale, 0 is most (acidic, basic)

A

acidic

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22
Q

on the pH scale, 14 is most (acidic, basic)

A

basic

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23
Q

how much more acidic is pH 5 than pH 7?

A

100 (because 5+2=7 so 10 times 10= 100)

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24
Q

how much more acidic is 11 pH than 8 pH?

A

1000 (because 11-8=3 so 10 times 10 times 10=1000)

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25
Q

Characteristic of life: Made of _____

A

cells

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26
Q

Characteristic of life: capable of _____ and _____

A

growth and development

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27
Q

Characteristic of life: includes all the changes that take place during the life of an organism

A

development

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28
Q

Characteristic of life: Acquire ______ and ______

A

materials and energy

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29
Q

Homeostasis

A

automatic tendency to maintain internal functions (example: after running the body needs to cool down back to normal body temp)

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30
Q

Characteristic of life: body is able to _____

A

move/movement

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31
Q

Characteristic of life: Respond to ______

A

stimuli

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32
Q

Characteristic of life: new life can come from the body/pass on genetic material

A

reproduce

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33
Q

Nephesh refers to a…

A

whole physical being/soul

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34
Q

ruach refers to

A

breath of life

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35
Q

population

A

several organisms of the same kind in a particular area

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36
Q

level of organization for organisms (5)

A

cell>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism

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37
Q

tissue definition

A

group of cells with a common structure and function

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38
Q

organ definition

A

composed of a number of tissues and organized for a particular task

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39
Q

organism definition

A

complex individuals contain organ systems

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40
Q

population leads to ____

A

community

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41
Q

community leads to ____

A

ecosystem

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42
Q

ecosystem definition

A

the earth as a whole, all living and non-living parts

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43
Q

taxonomy

A

classification of the living world (naming system)

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44
Q

John Ray created ______

A

polynomials

45
Q

Natural theology theory belonged to who

A

John Ray

46
Q

Natural theology theory refers to

A

wisdom/power of God is understood when we study His creation

47
Q

Carolus Linnaeus created _________

A

Binomial System of Nomenclature

48
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature refers to

A

the two-part naming system of species

49
Q

when naming a species according to the binomial system of nomenclature, what is included?

A

general name first and then species (felis concolor for mountain lion)

50
Q

taxons in order

A

domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species

51
Q

acronym to remember the taxons

A

Did King Philip Come Over For Green Spaghetti?

52
Q

what is included in the phylum category?

A

animals with a backbone (one example, there are more)

52
Q

what is included in the domain category?

A

all living things are either archaea, bacteria, or eukarya

52
Q

what is included in kingdom animalia?

A

all animal species (all members of the category are multi-cellular and have eukaryotic cells)

53
Q

what is included in the class category?

A

any animal that can produce milk/needs milk to be nourished, hair/fur, red blood cells without a nucleus, etc.

54
Q

what is included in the order category?

A

any animal that is a carnivore (eats other animals)

55
Q

what is included in the family category?

A

dogs, wolves, jackals, coyote, etc

56
Q

what is included in the genus category

A

foxes

57
Q

what is included in the kingdom of domain eukarya?

A

protista (single-celled/small multi celled eukaryotes, example algae), fungi, plantae, animalia

58
Q

what is an organic compound

A

carbon covalently bonded in complex structures (backbones)

59
Q

carbon is made of how many protons and how many neutrons?

A

6 protons and 6 neutrons

60
Q

carbon is unique in that it can bond with (any, almost any, some, few, no) other elements

A

any

61
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds containing just H and C (hydrogen and carbon)

62
Q

energy comes from what kinds of bonds

A

covalent bonds

63
Q

hydroxyl is found in…

A

alcohols and sugars

64
Q

carboxyl is found in…

A

fatty acids and amino acids

65
Q

amino is found in…

A

amino acids

66
Q

hydroxyl structure

A

R-O-H (rhenium, oxygen, hydrogen)

67
Q

carboxyl structure

A

R-C (double bond to O)-O-H

68
Q

what are the 4 biological macromolecules?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

69
Q

monomer refers to a macromolecules…

A

structure

70
Q

what is the monomer for lipids

A

glycerol, fatty acids

71
Q

what is the monomer for carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide

72
Q

what is the monomer for proteins?

A

amino acid

73
Q

what is the monomer for nucleic acid?

A

nucleotide

74
Q

define a macromolecule

A

chains of monomers, composed of 1000s of atoms (proteins, nucleic acids etc.)

75
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

process of covalently linking monomers together- pulls out the water and gets it out of the way so something bigger can be created

76
Q

hydrolysis

A

break a bond by adding water to make it available (breaking polymer chains by adding water)

77
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

energy from food (energy source)

78
Q

structure of carbohydrates which makes up elements in crabs and turtles shell

A

chitin and cellulose

79
Q

saturated fat

A

contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to its chain

80
Q

unsaturated fat

A

contains double bonds with carbon

81
Q

the double bond in an unsaturated fat creates a ____

A

kink/bend in the chain (example canola oil)

82
Q

function of lipids

A

biological fuel, component of cell membrane

83
Q

lipids consist of…

A

oils and fats

84
Q

lipids must be ______ because they don’t mix with ______

A

non-polar, water

85
Q

what element is provided to the human body through proteins?

A

hydrogen

86
Q

4 levels of protein organization: primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a chain (key to making a protein functional)

87
Q

4 levels of protein organization: secondary structure

A

predictable coiling of chains due to H-bonds between amino acids

88
Q

alpha helix real life example

A

strand of hair

89
Q

beta sheets coiling real example

A

spider web

90
Q

4 levels of protein organization: tertiary

A

overall three-dimensional shape by chains as folds and twists due to covalent bonds

91
Q

4 levels of protein organization: Quaternary

A

two or more polypeptide chains, individual chains but grouped together in specific arrangement

92
Q

nucleic acid is composed of

A

nucleotides

93
Q

monomer of the nucleic acid

A

one nucleotide

94
Q

2 bui one of the cells that is used as a building block for RNA and DNA

A

purine and pyrimidines

95
Q

what two bases are found in purine to make up DNA and RNA

A

Adenine and Guanine

96
Q

what three bases are found in pyrimidines to make up DNA and RNA

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

97
Q

Function of the nucleic acid

A

genetic code

98
Q

what is the difference between the strands of RNA and the strands of DNA?

A

RNA is always single stranded and DNA is always double stranded (RNA is the carbon copy of DNA)

99
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine (A-T)

100
Q

Thymine pairs with

A

Adenine (T-A)

101
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine (G-S)

102
Q

Cytosine pairs with

A

Guanine (S-G)

103
Q

ATP function

A

energy for cells needed to work

104
Q

Structure for carbohydrates (broken into its elements)

A

CH2OH

105
Q

Structure of lipids (broken into its elements)

A

CHO

106
Q

Structure of proteins (broken into its elements)

A

CHON (sometimes S)

semester 2 (6 decks)

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