Science Exam 2 Flashcards
One of water’s properties is being polar, which means
partial positive and partial negative charge (uneven sharing of electrons)
Another property of water is that it is a solvent, which means
it can dissolve things easily
water moves ______ around
energy
Another property of water is that it exhibits _______ and _______ forces
cohesive and adhesive
Cohesion is…
water molecules seek to stick together due to hydrogen bonding (think about how water droplets run into one another because they seek to stick together)
Adhesion is…
water molecules stick to other substances
Adhesion + cohesion creates…
capillary action
Capillary action
tendency of water to rise through narrow tubes (tree trunks getting water to the tops of their branches)
Another property of water is that it maintains a _______ __________
stable temperature
Specific heat is…
the amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celsius
Water has (high or low) specific heat
high
density refers to…
how close/far apart the molecules spread
water is at its densest at what degree
4 degrees celsius (39.2 degrees fahrenheit)
temperature gets colder—> molecules move…
slower (so that they can pack closer together)
Most substances (increase, decrease) in density with (increasing, decreasing) temperature
increase, decreasing
acid refers to…
a compound that ionizes in water to yield H positive ions and an anion
base refers to…
a compound that ionizes in water to yield OH negative ions and a cation
acids are proton (donors, acceptors)
donors
bases are proton (donors, acceptors)
acceptors
what are the numbers on the pH scale?
numbers 0-14
on the pH scale, 0 is most (acidic, basic)
acidic
on the pH scale, 14 is most (acidic, basic)
basic
how much more acidic is pH 5 than pH 7?
100 (because 5+2=7 so 10 times 10= 100)
how much more acidic is 11 pH than 8 pH?
1000 (because 11-8=3 so 10 times 10 times 10=1000)
Characteristic of life: Made of _____
cells
Characteristic of life: capable of _____ and _____
growth and development
Characteristic of life: includes all the changes that take place during the life of an organism
development
Characteristic of life: Acquire ______ and ______
materials and energy
Homeostasis
automatic tendency to maintain internal functions (example: after running the body needs to cool down back to normal body temp)
Characteristic of life: body is able to _____
move/movement
Characteristic of life: Respond to ______
stimuli
Characteristic of life: new life can come from the body/pass on genetic material
reproduce
Nephesh refers to a…
whole physical being/soul
ruach refers to
breath of life
population
several organisms of the same kind in a particular area
level of organization for organisms (5)
cell>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism
tissue definition
group of cells with a common structure and function
organ definition
composed of a number of tissues and organized for a particular task
organism definition
complex individuals contain organ systems
population leads to ____
community
community leads to ____
ecosystem
ecosystem definition
the earth as a whole, all living and non-living parts
taxonomy
classification of the living world (naming system)
John Ray created ______
polynomials
Natural theology theory belonged to who
John Ray
Natural theology theory refers to
wisdom/power of God is understood when we study His creation
Carolus Linnaeus created _________
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Binomial System of Nomenclature refers to
the two-part naming system of species
when naming a species according to the binomial system of nomenclature, what is included?
general name first and then species (felis concolor for mountain lion)
taxons in order
domain, kingdom, phylum/division, class, order, family, genus, species
acronym to remember the taxons
Did King Philip Come Over For Green Spaghetti?
what is included in the phylum category?
animals with a backbone (one example, there are more)
what is included in the domain category?
all living things are either archaea, bacteria, or eukarya
what is included in kingdom animalia?
all animal species (all members of the category are multi-cellular and have eukaryotic cells)
what is included in the class category?
any animal that can produce milk/needs milk to be nourished, hair/fur, red blood cells without a nucleus, etc.
what is included in the order category?
any animal that is a carnivore (eats other animals)
what is included in the family category?
dogs, wolves, jackals, coyote, etc
what is included in the genus category
foxes
what is included in the kingdom of domain eukarya?
protista (single-celled/small multi celled eukaryotes, example algae), fungi, plantae, animalia
what is an organic compound
carbon covalently bonded in complex structures (backbones)
carbon is made of how many protons and how many neutrons?
6 protons and 6 neutrons
carbon is unique in that it can bond with (any, almost any, some, few, no) other elements
any
Hydrocarbons
compounds containing just H and C (hydrogen and carbon)
energy comes from what kinds of bonds
covalent bonds
hydroxyl is found in…
alcohols and sugars
carboxyl is found in…
fatty acids and amino acids
amino is found in…
amino acids
hydroxyl structure
R-O-H (rhenium, oxygen, hydrogen)
carboxyl structure
R-C (double bond to O)-O-H
what are the 4 biological macromolecules?
proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
monomer refers to a macromolecules…
structure
what is the monomer for lipids
glycerol, fatty acids
what is the monomer for carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
what is the monomer for proteins?
amino acid
what is the monomer for nucleic acid?
nucleotide
define a macromolecule
chains of monomers, composed of 1000s of atoms (proteins, nucleic acids etc.)
dehydration synthesis
process of covalently linking monomers together- pulls out the water and gets it out of the way so something bigger can be created
hydrolysis
break a bond by adding water to make it available (breaking polymer chains by adding water)
function of carbohydrates
energy from food (energy source)
structure of carbohydrates which makes up elements in crabs and turtles shell
chitin and cellulose
saturated fat
contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to its chain
unsaturated fat
contains double bonds with carbon
the double bond in an unsaturated fat creates a ____
kink/bend in the chain (example canola oil)
function of lipids
biological fuel, component of cell membrane
lipids consist of…
oils and fats
lipids must be ______ because they don’t mix with ______
non-polar, water
what element is provided to the human body through proteins?
hydrogen
4 levels of protein organization: primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a chain (key to making a protein functional)
4 levels of protein organization: secondary structure
predictable coiling of chains due to H-bonds between amino acids
alpha helix real life example
strand of hair
beta sheets coiling real example
spider web
4 levels of protein organization: tertiary
overall three-dimensional shape by chains as folds and twists due to covalent bonds
4 levels of protein organization: Quaternary
two or more polypeptide chains, individual chains but grouped together in specific arrangement
nucleic acid is composed of
nucleotides
monomer of the nucleic acid
one nucleotide
2 bui one of the cells that is used as a building block for RNA and DNA
purine and pyrimidines
what two bases are found in purine to make up DNA and RNA
Adenine and Guanine
what three bases are found in pyrimidines to make up DNA and RNA
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Function of the nucleic acid
genetic code
what is the difference between the strands of RNA and the strands of DNA?
RNA is always single stranded and DNA is always double stranded (RNA is the carbon copy of DNA)
Adenine pairs with
Thymine (A-T)
Thymine pairs with
Adenine (T-A)
Guanine pairs with
Cytosine (G-S)
Cytosine pairs with
Guanine (S-G)
ATP function
energy for cells needed to work
Structure for carbohydrates (broken into its elements)
CH2OH
Structure of lipids (broken into its elements)
CHO
Structure of proteins (broken into its elements)
CHON (sometimes S)
