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College Courses > CLEP College Composition (Chapter 1) > Flashcards

CLEP College Composition (Chapter 1) Flashcards

1
Q

syntax

A

rules that govern sentence structure, specifically word order and phrases in sentences

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2
Q

“I have to the store gone” is an example of incorrect ________

A

syntax

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3
Q

“I have gone to the store” is an example of correct s______

A

syntax

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4
Q

improper use of s______ can result in a message being conveyed wrong

A

syntax

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5
Q

simple sentences consist of a _______ and a _______

A

subject, predicate (along with a verb)

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6
Q

In the sentence “at 6am the alarm went off” what is the subject and what is the predicate?

A

the alarm is the subject, “went off” is the predicate

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7
Q

what two things make up a clause?

A

subject and predicate

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8
Q

what is an independent clause?

A

a sentence that can stand alone

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9
Q

what is a dependent clause?

A

a sentence that doesn’t make sense on its own

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10
Q

“after dinner, sitting on my chair” is an example of a _________ clause

A

dependent clause

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11
Q

a compound sentences contains two or more ______ ________

A

independent clauses (linked with a conjunction such as “and” “like” “but”)

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12
Q

“John fell asleep, but Mary stayed up a little while longer” is an example of a _______ sentence

A

compound sentence (if you take the “but” out you have two independent clauses)

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13
Q

a complex sentences contains an ________ _________ plus one or more _________ __________

A

independent clause, dependent clauses

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14
Q

“if” “how” “before” although” are all examples of _______ _______

A

subordinate conjunctions

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15
Q

“I am grateful to the person who invented pizza” is an example of which kind of sentence?

A

complex (independent clause precedes dependent)

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16
Q

“after eating a large dinner, he always gets drowsy” is an example of which kind of sentence?

A

complex (dependent precedes independent clause)

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17
Q

a general rule about complex sentences is that if a dependent clause precedes an independent clause, a ______ is needed

A

comma

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18
Q

a compound-complex sentence contains:

A

at least 2 independent clauses and at least one dependent

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19
Q

“the tree that was near the house fell over yesterday, but the house was unharmed” is an example of which kind of sentece?

A

compound-complex (the tree that was near the house is independent, the house was unharmed is independent, was near the house is dependent)

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20
Q

a sentence fragment is when a sentence is missing:

A

a subject, predicate, or verb

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21
Q

“because she asked me to wait before knocking” is an example of:

A

a sentence fragment

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22
Q

a easy way to think of a sentence fragment is that it is a _______ clause treated like an entire sentece

A

dependent

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23
Q

“Will admires the actor Meryl Streep, she is so talented”. What is one example of how this sentence can be changed to be grammatically correct?

A

“Will admires the actor Meryl Streep. She is so talented”
“Will admires the actor Meryl Streep, because she is so talented”

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24
Q

parallelism

A

when words or phrases serve the same function in a sentence (lining up similar ideas in a similar way to create a balanced rhythm and emphasis)

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25
Q

“Suddenly he opened the desk drawer, retrieved a sheet of paper, and began to write the letter” This sentence is an example of _______

A

parallelism (the use of the words opened, retrieved, and began are all examples of parallelism. A sentence that would NOT be parallelism would say something like opening, to retrieve, and begins writing)

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26
Q

types of agreement in sentences (4)

A

number, gender, person and case

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27
Q

“Cara, Brandon, and Sarah are leaving” is an example of ________

A

agreement (you could not say “Cara, Brandon, and Sarah is leaving, because that would not keep subject-verb agreement)

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28
Q

“The students all sat down in the their seats” and “The student sat down in his seat” is an example of which type of agreement?

A

number

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29
Q

Is the sentence “all drivers should glance at their tires periodically” grammatically correct?

A

yes because drivers and tires are both plural so they are in agreement

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30
Q

Is the sentence “The driver should glance at their tires periodically” grammatically correct?

A

no because the singular driver does not agree with the word “tires”

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31
Q

which form of agreement does this sentence violate “either John or Mary will be describing her science fair project at the end of class today”

A

gender

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32
Q

which form of agreement does this sentence violate “if a student wants to pass the class, you must know when to get help”

A

person (“a student” and “you” don’t agree)

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33
Q

case agreement is…

A

the function that the noun or pronoun plays in the case of the sentence

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34
Q

case agreement comes in three different forms, those forms are:

A

normative, accusative/dative, and possessive

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35
Q

In a normative case, the pronoun/noun serves as the ______ of the sentence

A

subject

36
Q

“I was paid by the curator” is an example of which type of agreement in case?

A

normative

37
Q

“The curator paid me for the statue” is an example of which type of agreement in case?

A

accusative/dative

38
Q

“The curator paid for my statue” is an example of which type of agreement in case?

A

possessive

39
Q

In a accusative case, the pronoun or noun function as _______ ________ in the sentence

A

direct/indirect object

40
Q

In a possessive case, the pronoun or noun has a relationship of _______ to another noun in the sentence

A

possession

41
Q

usually the words _____ and _____ denote a normative agreement in case

A

I and we

42
Q

usually the words _____ and _____ denote a accusative/dative agreement in case

A

me and ourselves

43
Q

usually the words _____ and ____ denote a possessive agreement in case

A

my and our

44
Q

Diction refers to _____ __ _____

A

choice of words

45
Q

the point of diction is…

A

word choice in order to bring a story to life. Chosen words are not necessarily correct or incorrect, but it brings different meaning to a sentence.

46
Q

the word “effect” as a noun would mean…

A

an outcome of something

47
Q

In the sentence, “adding fertilizer to the garden had a positive effect on the gardenias” does the word effect function as a verb or a noun?

A

noun

48
Q

the word “effect” as a verb would mean…

A

creation of a change

49
Q

In the sentence, “the prime minister attempted to effect a change in public attitudes toward his family” does the word “effect” function as a noun or a verb?

A

verb

50
Q

The word “affect” as a verb means…

A

the cause of a particular outcome

51
Q

In the sentence “exhaustion began to affect the boxer’s ability to defend himself” does the word “affect” function as a verb or a noun?

A

verb

52
Q

meaning of imply:

A

to hint at something

53
Q

meaning of insinuate:

A

to hint at something but negatively

54
Q

meaning of infer:

A

draw a conclusion based on evidence

55
Q

meaning of farther:

A

difference in physical distance

56
Q

meaning of further:

A

difference in quantity or extent

57
Q

than versus then

A

than is for making comparisons, then could mean at that point in time, next, in addition, or something similar to “therefore”

58
Q

who versus that versus which

A

“who” refers to people whereas “that” and “which” refer to groups, events, and things

59
Q

who versus whom

A

who refers to a subject, whom refers to an object

60
Q

what is the meaning of lie versus lay

A

lie is to recline, lay is to place something

61
Q

present progressive form of lay and lie:

A

lay: laying, lie: lying

62
Q

elicit versus illicit

A

elicit: draw out/probe for info, illicit: something illegal

63
Q

capitol versus capital

A

capitol: building where the government is housed, capital: the locality where the government resides

64
Q

flaunt versus flout

A

flaunt: show off, flout: show contempt (dislike or lack of respect for someone)

65
Q

stationary versus stationery

A

stationary: standing still, stationery: writing a paper

66
Q

compliment versus complement

A

compliment: verbal praise, complement: complete or enhances something else

67
Q

discreet versus discrete

A

discreet: tactful/secrective, discrete: separate/distinct

68
Q

modifier

A

clause, phrase, or word that provides descriptive information about another part of the sentence

69
Q

two main types of modifiers

A

adjectives and verbs

70
Q

adjectives are words that ________ _________ and _________

A

modify, nouns, pronouns

71
Q

“Which”, “What kind of”, and “How many” are questions that an (adjective, verb) will answer

A

adjective

72
Q

adverbs are words that modify _____, other _______, _________, and entire __________

A

verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and clauses

73
Q

_______ typically answer the question “how’

A

adverbs

74
Q

A general rule for modifiers is that they should be (far from, close to) the words they are modifying

A

close to

75
Q

a squinting modifier is a misplaced modifier that could refer the _______ that ________ it or the one that ________ it

A

clause, precedes, follows

76
Q

The sentence “running on concrete surfaces quickly leads to knee damage” is an example of which incorrect modifier

A

a squinting modifier (the use of “quickly” tells the reader that either running on concrete will quickly lead to knee damage or running quickly on concrete will lead to knee damage eventually)

77
Q

when a sentence does not contain the word or phrase that should be modified, the modifier that is used can be called a…

A

dangling modifier

78
Q

A semicolon is generally used to divide (how many) independent clauses

A

two

79
Q

a comma generally divides (how many) independent clauses

A

more than two

80
Q

a _____ is used at the end of an independent clause in cases such as: ______, ______, and ________

A

colon, lists, explanations, and quotations

81
Q

a comma can be used to _______ a sequence of two or more ______

A

separate, modifiers

82
Q

commas are used to separate a non________ modifier from the rest of the sentence

A

nonrestrictive

83
Q

a comma is used when a ________ clause is used at the beginning of the sentence and the sentence is fairly long

A

dependent

84
Q

commas are used in _______ sentences to separate independent clauses

A

compound

85
Q

apostrophes are used to: (2)

A

make contractions (don’t, haven’t), and to mark possessive case

86
Q

subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that introduce a…

A

subordinate clause

87
Q

nonrestrictive modifer

A

word/group of words that provides extra information about a subject but is not required to understand the subject’s meaning

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