Science Exam 3 Flashcards
Chapters 4-5 review
Kinetic Molecular Theory
describes all molecular makeup of the whole Earth
atom
smallest unit of an element that retains chemical properties of that element
proton (what does it do for a piece of matter?)
gives identity to the matter, positively charged
neutron
needs to stay balanced/effects stability of matter
electron
effects behavior of mass
atomic mass is on the (bottom, top) of an element box
top
atomic mass consists of the (protons, neutrons, electrons) plus the (protons, neutrons, electrons)
neutrons plus protons
atomic number is located on the (bottom, top) of the element box
bottom
atomic number is just the number of (protons, neutrons, electrons)
protons
electrons is also equal to the number of (protons, neutrons, electrons)
protons
an element is
unique structure (matter) composed of atoms w/ the same # of protons
molecule
2 or more atoms bonded together w/ characteristic properties
matter is made up of…
atoms
atoms can be bonded together to create…
molecules
define phases of matter
the arrangement and strength of attraction of molecules determine phase characteristics
solids
definite shape and volume due to fixed distances between molecules and strong cohesive forces
liquids
molecules are not confined to a position but cohesive forces give it a fixed volume
gasses
no space or volume, molecules are far apart and move freely in constant random motion
temperature of energy: solids
solids are the lowest temp of energy b/c molecules are very close together
temperature of energy: liquids
liquids is one step up from solids as the molecules move a little further apart, but temp is still cold
temperature of energy: gasses
gasses are partially hot as the molecules begin to spread apart
temperature of energy: plasma
plasma is the hottest form of energy as the molecules are very spread apart
temperature tells us the…
energy state of matter
temperature is
the measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that compose the substance
thermometer does
measurement of kinetic energy/temp
scales for temp: fahrenheit
scale based on two reference points: freezing and boiling points of water (w/ 180 intervals)
scales for temp: celcius
also based on water but set to 100 intervals
scales for temp: absolute temp scale (Kelvin)
absolute zero is the lowest temp possible
boiling point of water according to each scale
212 F, 100 C, 373 K
freezing point of water according to each scale
32 F, 0 C, 273 K
Heat as a form of energy refers to…
how much energy and what is transferred to another object
external energy=
total KE plus PE of visible object
internal energy=
total PE plus KE of the molecules of an object
heat is
a measurement of the internal energy (thermal energy) that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another
heat versus temperature
(NOT THE SAME THING!) heat is the measurement of internal, PE , KE, and energy transferred between objects whereas temp is about motion of molecules
seismology
study of earthquakes and seismic waves around the Earth
define a seismic wave
the constant movement of the Earth and its built up energy
Robert Mallet is the founder of…
seismology
Richter scale is
a way to measure the magnitude (size) of a seismic wave
Mercalli scale measures
intensity
types of seismic waves: body wave
travels through Earth’s inner layers
types of seismic waves: P waves
expresses a push and pull effect
types of seismic waves: S waves
can move up and down or side to side (will move in the direction perpendicular to its wave direction) (looks like a slithering snake or like an S at its peak)
types of seismic waves: surface wave
moves along the surface of the Earth
types of seismic waves: love wave
moves parallel to the surface and perpendicular to the wave (base stays put but top layer moves)
types of seismic waves: Rayleigh waves
moves the ground up and down but also forward and backward in the direction of the wave (picture a crowd doing the wave, that is what this looks like)
causes of seismic waves
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, avalanches
how are seismic waves detected?
seismometers
body waves are typically sent out by …
earthquakes
the fastest type of seismic wave
p wave
surface waves occur when…
energy from a body wave from an earthquake converts and reaches the surface
what is the doppler effect?
how sound or light waves change frequency due to position of the viewer
a wavelength is the distance between
any two waves
time interval between waves is called
frequency
frequency determines
pitch
higher frequency=
shorter wavelength
lower frequency=
longer wavelength
examples of doppler effect
healthcare (ultrasounds), radar (weather or police speed guns), space (discovery of planets and stars)
electromagnetic wave type:
radio wave
in 3G, 4G, and 5G, what do the numbers and letters stand for?
G stands for generation and the higher the number, the stronger the connection/better the data quality.
types of lightning: intracloud
electrical discharge within the clouds
types of lightning: intercloud
electrical discharge between the clouds
types of lightning: cloud to ground
electrical discharge between objects- on ground and clouds
Coloumbs law states:
like charges repel, opposite charges attract, force is stronger with greater charges and closer distances
3 causes of static
friction, conduction, induction
conductors permit an electrical current to flow…
easily
graupel is
semi frozen water droplets
induction
a charge transfers from one object to another without contact
phase change is
an object absorbs or releases energy that is not associated with an increase in temp
solid to liquid is
melting
liquid to gas is
evaporation
solid to gas is
condensation
liquid to solid is
freezing
sublimation is
a solid to a gas (dry ice)
deposition is
a gas to a solid
latent heat
quantity of heat energy involved in changing internal PE bonds
heat transfers spontaneously from
high temp (KE) to low temp (PE)
3 types of heat transfer
conduction, convection, radiation
conduction
movement from one molecule to another through a solid material (fire poker being left in the fire)
convection
movement with a medium: warm air rises bc it’s less dense than cold air (convection oven) (occurs in fluids like liquids and gasses)
radiation
doesn’t require any type of medium, all objects radiate electromagnetic waves (energy)
harmonic motion
a back and forth motion that repeats if materials are elastic
elastic
material can recover its shape after a force changes it
simple harmonic motion
vibratory motion when an elastic object is deformed and wishes to return to equilibrium
amplitude
how far a spring is pulled down (extent of displacement from the equilibrium)
cycle
when an elastic object completes a full vibration where it returns to its original position
period
length of time it takes to complete 1 cycle
frequency
the number of cycles per second
wave
a disturbance that moves thru a medium (solid, liquid, or gas)
calorie is
the amount of energy it takes to heat up a gram of water by 1 degree celsius
ideal gas law
gasses behave a certain way and exert pressure
Boyle’s law teaches us that…
as pressure increases in gas, volume decreases and vice versa
Charles’ Law teaches us
temp and volume are directly proportional (as temp increases, the volume increases too and vice versa)
specific heat is
how much energy it takes to change the temp of a substance
transverse wave
a disturbance that occurs perpendicular to the direction of a wave (think of a rolling ocean wave)
longitudinal wave
wave disturbance is in same direction of waves (particles move closer together of further apart)
waves thru gas are (longitudinal, transverse)
longitudinal
