SCI 2011-23 ONLY IAS - Sheet1 Flashcards
1,”“Biorock technology” is talked about in which one of the following situations? (2022)”,(a) Restoration of damaged coral reefs,(b) Development of building materials using plant residues,(c) Identification of areas for exploration/extraction of shale gas,(d) Providing salt licks for wild animals in forests/protected areas
1,a,”Recently, The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with help from Gujarat’s forest department, is attempting for the first time a process to restore coral reefs using biorock or mineral accretion technology in the Gulf of Kachchh. Biorock is the term used to describe the material created by the electroaccumulation of minerals dissolved in saltwater on steel structures that are lowered onto the seafloor and connected to an energy source, in this case solar panels that float on the surface.”
2,”Consider the following statements: (2022) DNA Barcoding can be a tool to: 1. Assess the age of a plant or animal. 2. Distinguish among species that look alike. 3. Identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods. Which of the above statements is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 3 only,(c) 1 and 2,(d) 2 and 3
2,d,”DNA barcoding is a taxonomic technique that identifies an organism as belonging to a specific species by using a short genetic marker in its DNA. An individual DNA sequence is compared to a reference library of similar DNA sections to accomplish this (called sequences). DNA Barcoding helps in the identification of species even from minute amounts of tissue which can help tackle problems like illegal trade of endangered species. DNA barcodes can effectively control pest attack, identifying disease vectors properly. Using DNA barcoding, which is widely used in fish species, is a viable method for authenticating the processed food. Using DNA barcoding, natural resource managers can monitor illegal trade of products made of natural resources like hardwood trees. DNA barcoding can be used to identify the important medicinal plant.”
3,”Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of (2021)”,(a) Clonal propagation of crop plants,(b) Developing genetically modified crop plants,(c) Production of plant growth substances,(d) Production of biofertilizers
3,b,”Bollgard I (single-gene technology) is India’s first biotech crop technology (Genetically modified crop) approved for commercialization in India in 2002, followed by Bollgard II – (double-gene technology) in mid-2006. Bollgard cotton has an insecticidal protein from a naturally occurring soil microorganism called Bacillus thuringiensis and offers built-in protection for cotton against destructive American Bollworm Heliothis Armigera infestations (Bt). The enhanced double-gene Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab technology found in Bollgard II technology protects against bollworms and Spodoptera caterpillars, improving boll retention, maximising yield, using fewer pesticides, and preventing insect resistance.”
4,”With reference to the recent developments in science, which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)”,(a) Functional chromosomes can be created by joining segments of DNA taken from cells of different species.,(b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created in laboratories.,(c) A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can be made to replicate outside a living cell in a laboratory.,(d) Cells taken out from plants and animals can be made to undergo cell division in laboratory petri dishes
4,a,”In a lab, artificial functioning DNA fragments can be produced. Japanese researchers announced the creation of the first DNA molecule in the world that is almost entirely formed of synthetic components in 2007. In a lab, it is possible to get a portion of animal DNA to reproduce on its own outside of a living cell. It is done through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology. In a lab setting, Petri dishes can be used to induce cell division in isolated plant and animal cells. Plant cells are totipotent and a single cell has the capacity to divide through the process of mitosis in sterile conditions in a culture Petri dish to develop into a mature plant.”
5,”‘RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why? (2019) 1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies. 2. It can be used in developing therapies for the treatment of cancer. 3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies. 4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens. Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1, 2 and 4,(b) 2 and 3,(c) 1 and 3,(d) 1 and 4 only
5,a,”Its natural mechanism for sequence-specific gene silencing promises to revolutionize experimental biology and may have important practical applications in functional genomics, therapeutic intervention, agriculture and other areas. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RNAi can provide a more specific approach to inhibit tumor growth by targeting cancer-related genes (i.e., oncogene). The reverse experiment “virus-induced gene silencing” in which short sequences of plant genes were introduced into viruses, showed that the targeted gene was suppressed in an infected plant. It will produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.”
6,”What is the application of Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology? (2017)”,(a) Production of biolarvicides,(b) Manufacture of biodegradable plastics,(c) Reproductive cloning of animals,(d) Production of organisms free of diseases
6,c,”The most practical application of Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is in the reproductive cloning of farm animals that have exceptional qualities, such as the ability to produce large quantities of milk. A somatic (body) cell’s nucleus is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg(an egg that has had its own nucleus removed) using the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure. The SCNT-derived blastocyst used in reproductive cloning is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother, where it develops into a foetus and is carried to term. The first mammal to be cloned via SCNT was a sheep named Dolly, who was born in 1996. The method might potentially be used to bring back extinct animals; for instance, frozen woolly mammoth cells could be employed as nuclear donors for enucleated elephant eggs.”
7,”With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future? (2017) 1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants. 2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants. 3. It can be used to decipher the host pathogen relationships in crops. Select the correct answer using the code given below:”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
7,d,”Genome Sequencing is figuring the sequence of DNA bases(nucleotides), such as As, Cs, Gs, and Ts that make up an organism’s DNA. These genetic letters total more than 3 billion and make up the human genome. The identification of genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in different crop plants can be done via genome sequencing. Genome sequencing is a method that will aid in genetic engineering and speed up the process of creating new crop plant kinds. It also includes research on host-pathogen interactions in agricultural systems, like that of genes related to insecticide Resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis.”
8,”In the context of the developments in Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to – (2016)”,(a) A range of enzymes used in genome editing,(b) The full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an organism,(c) The description of the mechanism of gene expression,(d) A mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in cells
8,b,”A transcriptome is the full range of messenger RNA, or mRNA, molecules expressed by an organism. The term “transcriptome” can also be used to describe the array of mRNA transcripts produced in a particular cell or tissue type. In contrast with the genome, which is characterised by its stability, the transcriptome actively changes. In fact, an organism’s transcriptome varies depending on many factors, including the stage of development and environmental conditions.”
9,”Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables the plants to (2013) 1. Resist drought and increase absorptive area 2. Tolerate extremes of pH 3. Resist disease infestation Select the correct answer using the codes given below:”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
9,d,”Trees host mycorrhizal fungus in their roots so they can absorb nutrients from the ground and resist the drought condition. These fungi exchange the carbon from the tree for vital nutrients including nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium from the soil. Mycorrhizal plants can withstand unfavourable soil conditions, high pH levels, droughts, and poisonous heavy metals. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships between plant roots and specific soil fungi that are important for the ecosystem’s nutrient cycling and that help shield plants from environmental and cultural stress. Additionally, mycorrhizal fungi’s synthesis of oxalic acid contributes to disease suppression.”
10,”Recombination DNA technology (Genetic Engineering) allows genes to be transferred: (2013) 1. Across different species of plants 2. From animals to plants 3. From microorganisms to higher organisms Science and Technology 353 Select the correct answer using the codes given below.”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
10,d,”Recombinant DNA technology entails changing genetic material outside of an organism to produce living organisms or their products with improved and desired traits. Using the appropriate vectors, this approach entails inserting DNA fragments from a number of sources that have the desired gene sequence. Manipulation in an organism’s genome is carried out either through the introduction of one or several new genes and regulatory elements or by decreasing or blocking the expression of endogenous genes through recombining genes and elements. It allows genes to be transferred across different species of plants, animals to plants and from microorganisms to higher organisms.”
11,”What are the reasons for the people’s resistance to the introduction of Bt brinjal in India? (2012) 1. Bt brinjal has been created by inserting a gene from a soil fungus into its genome. 2. The seeds of Bt brinjal are terminator seeds and therefore, the farmers have to buy the seeds before every season from the seed companies. 3. There is an apprehension that the consumption of Bt brinjal may have adverse impact on health. 4. There is some concern that the introduction of Btbrinjal may have adverse effects on biodiversity. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:”,(a) 1, 2 and 3 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 3 and 4 only,(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
11,c,”A gene called cry1Ac from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was inserted into the brinjal to develop Bt Brinjal, a transgenic brinjal. This brinjal has been genetically modified to withstand insects like the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis). Farmers will be free to save and sow as many seeds from Bt Brinjal open-pollinated cultivars as they like. They are not terminator seeds. A Supreme Court-appointed expert group advised a 10-year moratorium on field trials of all genetically modified (GM) food crops and a complete ban on field trials of transgenics in crops of Indian origins when the case reached that court because consumption of Bt brinjal may have adverse impact on the health of people. Consequently, the government put a freeze on field trial of Bt Brinjal in 2010. The government’s own task committee on biotechnology had recommended in 2004 that no GM crops be allowed in biodiversity-rich areas since biodiversity is essential for nutrition and sustainability.”
12,”Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (2012) 1. To enable them to withstand drought. 2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce. 3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations. 4. To increase their shelf life. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 3 and 4 only,(c) 1, 2 and 4 only,(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
12,c,”Genetically modified (GM) is a technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an Organism. The cells are typically cultured in tissue culture after which they transform into plants. The modified DNA will be passed along to the seeds that these plants generate. Future conflicts may be avoided with the introduction of genetically engineered (GE) drought-tolerant crops that can tolerate longer and more intense droughts. Nutritional improved GM crops being developed include wheat variants free of gluten, a common trigger for food allergies, and vegetables with increased iron and vitamin A levels to avoid common nutritional deficits in developing countries. Genetically Engineered plants have not been created to enable them to be grown in spacecraft, space stations, and submarines to perform photosynthesis. Israel has created transgenic, longer-lasting banana plants. They can slow down plant ageing and give fruits like tomatoes an extra week of shelf life.”
13,”At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes of DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us? (2011) 1. It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock. 2. It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases. 3. It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 2 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
13,c,”DNA Sequencing means determining the order of the four chemical building blocks - called “bases” - that make up the DNA molecule. This sequence informs scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment. A thorough pedigree analysis using pedigree files received via DNA sequencing from the relevant breed organisations. Sequencing enables medical professionals to identify whether a gene or the region that controls a gene includes alterations, known as variations or mutations, that are connected to an illness. But, through arrangement of genes of DNA sequences on a chromosome, it is not possible to understand the causes of all human diseases. Researchers have even been able to identify specific faults in genes that are responsible for or contribute to disease. Hence, Breeds of animals that are resistant to disease can be created.”
14,”Consider the following statements in respect of probiotics: (2022) 1. Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast. 2. The organisms in probiotics are found in food we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our gut. 3. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 only,(c) 1 and 3,(d) 2 and 3
14,c,”Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are believed to be helpful in preventing a number of diseases. They are also referred to as “good bacteria” and are typically eaten as supplements or in yogurt, also found in other fermented foods. Some bacteria aid in food digestion, eliminate disease-causing cells, or create vitamins. Numerous probiotic product bacteria are identical to or closely related to those found in human bodies naturally. A well-known food source of probiotics is yoghurt. The enzyme ß-D-galactosidase is present in some strains of bacteria in yoghurt, aids in the breakdown of lactose in dairy products into the sugars glucose and galactose. Thus it also helps in the digestion of milk sugars.”
15,”Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body? (2022)”,(a) They protect the body from environmental allergens.,(b) They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.,(c) They act as immune suppressants in the body.,(d) They protect the body from the diseases caused by pathogens.
15,d,”Lymphocytes are primarily classified into B cells and T cells. B cells function by producing antibodies that are released into the body’s fluids, which then attack antigens present in the bloodstream. Acquired immunity is pathogen specific, it is characterized by memory. This means when our body encounters a pathogen for the first time it produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or anamnestic response. This type of immune responses are carried out with the help of two special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, i.e B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies.”
16,”In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (2021) 1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. 2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 only,(c) Both 1 and 2,(d) Neither 1 nor 2
16,c,”Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), also known as Mitochondrial Gene Therapy or Mitochondrial Donation, is a new form of reproductive in-vitro fertilization (IVF) which works on the principle of replacing a woman’s abnormal mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) with the donor’s healthy one. Through the in vitro fertilization technique (IVF), the egg is then fertilized with the partner’s sperm, ensuring that the resulting embryo remains free from any mitochondrial defects. The mitochondrial donation can be performed either prior to or shortly after fertilization, ensuring that the process occurs before the fertilized egg becomes an embryo. Mitochondria is the only organelle, in addition to the nucleus, which contains DNA and genes. Since the sperm contains a very low number of mitochondria and mitochondrial genes, in the offspring, the mitochondrial genes are inherited from the mother. Therefore, a father with a mitochondrial gene defect cannot transmit the disease to his offspring.”
17,”The term ‘ACE2’ is talked about in the context of: (2021)”,(a) Genes introduced in the genetically modified plants,(b) The development of India’s own satellite navigation system,(c) Radio collars for wildlife tracking,(d) The spread of viral diseases
17,d,”Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been discovered to be the SARS-CoV-2 virus’s receptor. The coronavirus can enter a variety of human cells through this particular protein and spread infection. Numerous cell types and tissues, such as the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal system, blood arteries, lungs, and heart, all contain ACE2. It is found in epithelial cells, which line several tissues and build defenses. Across this epithelial lining in the lung, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and blood vessels. The epithelium in the nose, mouth, and lungs contains ACE2.”
18,”Consider the following statements: (2020) 1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent. 2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. 3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 2 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
18,d,”Gene therapy is the ability to improve genes through the correction of misplaced (mutated) genes or site-specific alterations with therapeutic treatment as the target. In germline gene therapy, DNA is inserted into the body’s cells that make eggs or sperm, the reproductive cells. This kind of treatment enables the repair of disease-causing gene mutations that are unavoidably inherited from parents to children. Although germline gene therapy is prohibited, it is conceivable to alter the genome of an embryo (embryonic genetic editing) to prevent the vertical transfer (through inheritance) of specific diseases and medical disorders. To conduct an experiment and determine which type of human stem cell would survive the best when injected into pig embryos, intermediate human pluripotent stem cells were the ones that endured the longest and showed the most potential for further development.”
19,”With reference to prepackaged items in India, is it mandatory to the manufacturer to put which of the following information on the main label, as per the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labeling) Regulations, 2011? (2016) 1. List of ingredients including additives 2. Nutrition information 3. Recommendation, if any, made by the medical profession about the possibility of any allergic reactions 4. Vegetarian/nonvegetarian Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1, 2 and 3,(b) 2, 3 and 4,(c) 1, 2 and 4,(d) 1 and 4 only
19,c,”As per the Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labeling) Regulations, 2011, all pre-packaged items in India contain certain information such as Nutrition information, List of ingredients, Vegetarian/Non-vegetarian/Vegan, Date of manufacture, Best before, Date of packing, Lot number, Code number, or Batch number.”
20,”Consider the following minerals: (2013) 1. Calcium 2. Iron 3. Sodium Which of the minerals given above is/are required by the human body for the contraction of muscles?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
20,d,”Specific minerals like calcium, iron, and sodium play a role in muscle contraction. Calcium is essential for activating enzymes that cause muscle contraction. Iron supports the continued functioning of muscles by aiding in energy production and supporting healthy circulation. Sodium balances potassium to maintain membrane potential, which is necessary for muscular contraction.”
21,”Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2012) 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Flowering plants Some species of which of the above kinds of organisms are employed biopesticides?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
21,d,”Biopesticides are various biologically active natural substances that exist in nature and have inhibitory effects on crop diseases and insect pests. Three major classes of biopesticides are microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs), all of which can be employed depending on the properties of specific species.”
22,”What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (2012) 1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water. 2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water. 3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
22,a,”Ultraviolet (UV) water purification uses germicidal UV radiation to clean water that is microbiologically hazardous. The UV wavelength scrambles the DNA of living organisms in the water, making it impossible for them to reproduce and infect humans. However, UV disinfection does not clean the water, add chemicals, or remove unpleasant tastes and odors. It’s important for UV purification to be effective that water turbidity (the quantity of suspended & colloidal materials included in the water) must be minimal and the water must be clear.”
23,”With reference to ‘stem cells’, frequently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2012) 1. Stem cells can be derived from mammals only. 2. Stem cells can be used for screening new drugs. 3. Stem cells can be used for medical therapies. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
23,b,”Stem cells offer hope for the treatment of several disorders for which there is no known cure. Stem cells can be utilized to test new medications and for therapeutic purposes, including stem cell transplants to replace diseased or damaged cells. Stem cells can be extracted from various tissue sources and have the potential to grow into a complete organ. Adult stem cells or umbilical cord blood are commonly used in stem cell transplants.”
24,”Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity? (2011)”,(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency,(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy,(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism,(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process
24,c,”Antioxidants counteract the harmful effects of free radicals in our bodies, promoting better health. They stabilize free radicals by providing an electron, thus mitigating their potential to cause damage. Antioxidants can be found in various vitamins and minerals, including vitamins C and E, copper, zinc, and selenium, as well as in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based whole foods.”
25,”Consider the following statements: (2021) 1. Adenoviruses have single stranded DNA genomes whereas retroviruses have double-stranded DNA genomes. 2. Common cold is sometimes caused by an adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 only,(c) Both 1 and 2,(d) Neither 1 nor 2
25,b,”Adenoviruses (AdVs) have double-stranded DNA genomes, while retroviruses use RNA as their genetic material. Adenoviruses are common causes of infections affecting various parts of the body, such as the respiratory tract, eyes, and gastrointestinal system. They can cause illnesses like the common cold, sore throat, and pink eye.”
26,”With reference to recent developments regarding ‘Recombinant Vector Vaccine’, consider the following statements: (2021) 1. Genetic engineering is applied in the development of these vaccines. 2. Bacteria and viruses are used as vectors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 only,(c) Both 1 and 2,(d) Neither 1 nor 2
26,c,”Recombinant vector vaccines use live replicating viruses modified to carry additional genes from a pathogen, which produce the proteins needed to elicit immunity. These vaccines expose the body to proteins made by a virus or bacteria, often using weakened or inactive versions of the pathogen. Genetic engineering techniques like creating recombinant DNA are used in the development of these vaccines.”
27,”What is the importance of using Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in India? (2020) 1. These vaccines are effective against pneumonia as well as meningitis and sepsis. 2. Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective against drug resistant bacteria can be reduced. 3. These vaccines have no side effects and cause no allergic reactions. Select the correct answer using the code given below:”,(a) 1 only,(b) 1 and 2 only,(c) 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
27,b,”Vaccines work by eliciting an immune response to an antigen, typically a harmful bacterium or virus included in the vaccine. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines protect against pneumococcal illnesses, including ear infections, sepsis, sinus infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. Vaccines do not replace antibiotics but help decrease antimicrobial resistance by lowering the spread of bacterial illnesses and reducing the overuse of antibiotics.”
28,”Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? (2019) 1. Genetic predisposition of some people 2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases 3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming 4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1 and 2,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1, 3 and 4,(d) 2, 3 and 4
28,b,”The rise of bacterial strains resistant to multiple antibiotics can be caused by the improper use of antibiotic fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) and the use of antibiotics in livestock farming. Multiple chronic diseases in people are not the reason for multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR exacerbates the risk of resistant microorganisms spreading, reducing treatment effectiveness and prolonging infection duration.”
29,”What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in the news? (2019)”,(a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing,(b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of pathogens in patients,(c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant,(d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically modified crops
29,a,”The Cas9 enzyme and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) make up the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool. Cas9 acts as a molecular scissor that can cut DNA, while sgRNA contains a sequence that binds to DNA, guiding Cas9 to the desired location for editing.”
30,”Which one of the following statements is not correct? (2019)”,(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV.,(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a vaccine.,(c) Globally, the number of people infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses are several times more than those infected with HIV.,(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C viruses do not show the symptoms for many years.
30,b,”There is currently no cure for Hepatitis C, and the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention is the hepatitis B vaccine. Both HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C can be spread through various means, including unprotected sexual contact, contaminated syringes, infected blood, and transfusions.”
31,”Consider the following (2018) 1. Birds 2. Dust blowing 3. Rain 4. Wind blowing Which of the above spread plant diseases?”,(a) 1 and 3 only,(b) 3 and 4 only,(c) 1, 2 and 4 only,(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
31,d,”Plant diseases are alterations to a plant’s normal state that impair or change its essential functioning. While each plant species is prone to certain diseases, they are relatively uncommon. Pathogens that cause plant diseases can be transmitted indirectly through various means such as wind, water, animals, insects, birds, and soil.”
32,”Consider the following pairs: (2017) Commonly used/ - Unwanted or consumed materials controversial chemicals likely to be found in them 1. Lipstick - Lead 2. Soft drinks - Brominated vegetable oils 3. Chinese fast - Monosodium food glutamate Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
32,d,”Harmful chemicals can be found in various products. Lead contamination can be present in lip items and cosmetics, brominated vegetable oil may be used in sodas and soft drinks, and monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used flavor enhancer, particularly in fast food. Each of these substances can have negative effects on health.”
33,”Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Virus can infect 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Plants”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
33,d,”Viruses can infect all kinds of life, including animals, plants, and microbes like bacteria and fungi. They reproduce inside the living cells of other organisms. Hosts for viruses can include animals (including humans), plants, fungi, and bacteria.”
34,”Consider the following pairs: (2014) Vitamin Deficiency : Disease 1. Vitamin C : Scurvy 2. Vitamin D : Rickets 3. Vitamin E : Night blindness Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 3 only,(c) 1, 2 and 3,(d) None
34,a,”Deficiencies in vitamins can lead to various illnesses and health problems. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness, vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to beriberi, and so on. Each vitamin deficiency can result in specific health issues.”
35,”Consider the following diseases: (2014) 1. Diphtheria 2. Chickenpox 3. Smallpox Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India ?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 3 only,(c) 1, 2 and 3,(d) None
35,b,”Diphtheria is caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae and primarily affects the throat and upper airways. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and is highly contagious, particularly among children. Smallpox, caused by the variola virus, was one of the deadliest diseases before its eradication.”
36,”Which of the following statements is/are correct? (2013) 1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for the generation of energy 2. Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium. 3. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to another by biological vectors only Select the correct answer using the codes given below.”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
36,a,”Viruses lack the necessary chemical machinery to survive on their own and cannot replicate without a host cell. Therefore, they cannot be grown on synthetic media. Viruses enter the body through various routes, seeking out host cells to infect and reproduce.”
37,”Which of the following diseases can be transmitted from one person to another through tattooing? (2013) 1. Chikungunya 2. Hepatitis B 3. HIV-AIDS Select the correct answer using the codes given below:”,(a) 1 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
37,b,”Tattoos can potentially transmit diseases if tattoo instruments are not properly sterilized between uses, leading to contact with blood and bodily fluids. However, in sterile tattoo parlors that use single-use needles, infections are uncommon.”
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans through by mosquitoes infected with the chikungunya virus. The mosquitoes involved in transmission are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The most common symptom is an abrupt onset of fever, often accompanied by joint pain.
38,”With reference to “Software as a Service (SaaS)”, consider the following statements: (2022) 1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and can change data fields. 2. SaaS users can access their data through their mobile devices. 3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo Mail are form of SaaS Which of the statements given above are correct?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
38,d,”Software as a Service (SaaS) allows users to access software over the internet without the need for installation on individual computers. It offers flexibility in customization and accessibility from various devices. Examples of SaaS include email services like Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo Mail.”
39,”With reference to Web 3.0, consider the following statements: (2022) 1. Web 3.0 technology enables people to control their own data. 2. In Web 3.0 world, there can be blockchain based social networks. 3. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather than a corporation. Which of the statements given above are correct?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
39,d,”Web 3.0, also known as the decentralized web, is built on blockchain technology and allows users to control their own data. It is permissionless and democratic, enabling users to maintain blockchain-based social networks.”
40,”Which one of the following is the context in which the term “qubit” is mentioned? (2022)”,(a) Cloud Services,(b) Quantum Computing,(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies,(d) Wireless Communication Technologies
40,b,”Quantum computers utilize quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to quantum superposition. This property allows quantum computers to perform computations much faster and more efficiently than classical computers.”
41,”Consider the following communication technologies: (2022) 1. Closed-circuit Television 2. Radio Frequency Identification 3. Wireless Local Area Network Which of the above are considered Short-Range devices/technologies?”,(a) 1 and 2 only,(b) 2 and 3 only,(c) 1 and 3 only,(d) 1, 2 and 3
41,d,”Short-range devices refer to a variety of wireless technologies that operate over short distances. These include access control systems, alarms, wireless microphones, industrial controls, RFID systems, and more. The use of NFC technology in Google Pay’s ‘Tap to pay for UPI’ feature is an example of short-range wireless connectivity.”
42,”With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (2020) 1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units 2. Create meaningful short stories and songs 3. Disease diagnosis 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy Select the correct answer using the code given below:”,(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only,(b) 1, 3 and 4 only,(c) 2, 4 and 5 only,(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
42,b,”Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to machines’ ability to perform cognitive functions like reasoning, perception, learning, and problem-solving. AI has diverse applications across various sectors, including healthcare, entertainment, finance, and education. Google, for example, utilizes AI to enhance energy efficiency in its data centers.”
43,”With reference to Visible Light Communication (VLC) technology, which of the following statements are correct? (2020) 1. VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths 375 to 780 nm 2. VLC is known as long-range optical wireless communication. 3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster than Bluetooth 4. VLC has no electromagnetic interference Select the correct answer using the code given below:”,(a) 1, 2 and 3 only,(b) 1, 2 and 4 only,(c) 1, 3 and 4 only,(d) 2, 3 and 4 only
43,c,”Visible Light Communication (VLC) utilizes visible light for data communication, typically between 400 and 800 THz. It can transmit data directly or through reflection but cannot penetrate solid obstacles. VLC can achieve data speeds ranging from Mbps to Gbps, far surpassing Bluetooth. This technology, also known as Li-Fi, holds promise for overcoming RF bandwidth limitations and is resistant to electromagnetic interference.”
44,”With reference to “Blockchain Technology” consider the following statements: (2020) 1. It is a public ledger that everyone we inspect, but which no single user controls 2. The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it is about crypto currency only. 3. Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only,(b) 1 and
44,d,”Blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger used to record transactions across multiple computers, ensuring that past transactions cannot be altered without altering subsequent blocks. It finds applications in supply chains, healthcare, smart contracts, banking, real estate, and elections. Public blockchain networks offer the advantage of not requiring access management or security against malicious actors.”
45,”With reference to communications technologies, what is/are the difference/differences between LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term Evolution)? (2019)”,1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 3G.,2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is voice-only technology.,”(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”
45,d,”Voice over LTE (VoLTE) allows voice calls to be transmitted over LTE networks, enabling simultaneous use of 4G data and voice services. LTE, commonly marketed as 4G LTE, typically doesn’t support voice calls, causing issues like slow internet speeds and poor voice quality during calls.”
46,”In the context of digital technologies for entertainment, consider the following statements: (2019) 1. In Augmented Reality (AR), a simulated environment is created and the physical world is completely shut out. 2. In Virtual Reality (VR), images generated from a computer are projected onto real-life objects or surroundings. 3. AR allows individuals to be present in the world and improves the experience using the camera of smart-phones or PCs. 4. VR closes the world, and transposes an individual, providing a complete immersion experience. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 4 only
46,c,”Virtual Reality (VR) immerses users in a fully artificial environment, while Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital content onto the real world. Users can experience AR using smartphone apps or specialized AR headsets, like Google Glass.”
47,”Consider the following statements: (2019) A digital signature is __________ 1. an electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it 2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or serve on Internet 3. an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
47,c,”A digital signature is an electronic method of authenticating the identity of the sender and ensuring the integrity of the message or document. It is distinct from a digital signature certificate, which is a computer-based record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it.”
48,”In the context of wearable technology, which of the following tasks is/are accomplished by wearable devices? (2019) 1. Location identification of a person 2. Sleep monitoring of a person 3. Assisting the hearing impaired person Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
48,d,”Wearable electronics, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, are designed to track real-time information like location, physical activity, and health parameters. Hearables, a type of wearable technology worn on the ear, include devices like hearing aids, such as the Phonak Audeo V.”
49,”For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used? (2019) 1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location. 3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location. Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
49,d,”Remote sensing technology, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, is used for various purposes such as assessing chlorophyll content, tracking the world’s food supply, and estimating greenhouse gas emissions like CH4 emissions from rice paddies.”
50,”In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (2018) 1. Mobile phone operations 2. Banking operations 3. Controlling the power grids Select the correct answer using the code given below:”,(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
50,d,”The Global Positioning System (GPS) comprises a constellation of satellites orbiting the Earth, ground stations, and satellite control stations, providing precise positioning, velocity, and time information worldwide and in any weather conditions. GPS technology is used in various sectors, including telecom networks, banking, computer network synchronization, and weather reporting.”
51,”When the alarm of your smartphone rings in the morning, you wake up and tap it to stop the alarm which causes your geyser to be switched on automatically. The smart mirror in your bathroom shows the day’s weather and also indicates the level of water in your overhead tank. After you take some groceries from your refrigerator for making breakfast, it recognises the shortage of stock in it and places an order for the supply of fresh grocery items. When you step out of your house and lock the door, all lights, fans, geysers and AC machines get switched off automatically. On your way to the office, your car warns you about traffic congestion ahead and suggests an alternative route, and if you are late for a meeting, it sends a message to your office accordingly. In the context of emerging communication technologies, which one of the following terms best applies to the above scenario? (2018)”,(a) Border Gateway Protocol (b) Internet of Things (c) Internet Protocol (d) Virtual Private Network
51,b,”The Internet of Things (IoT) connects devices to the Internet to exchange information, while VPN (Virtual Private Network) ensures secure transmission of data over the Internet. The Internet Protocol (IP) and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) are fundamental protocols for addressing, routing, and managing data traffic on the Internet.”
52,”With reference to ‘LiFi’, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) 1. It uses light as the medium for high-speed data transmission. 2. It is a wireless technology and is several times faster than ‘WiFi’. Select the correct answer using the code given below.”,(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
52,c,”LiFi is a Visible Light Communications system that transmits wireless internet communications at very high speeds using LED light bulb pulses. It offers transmission rates exceeding 100 Gbps, making it significantly faster than WiGig, the fastest WiFi technology.”
65,”With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) 1. PSLVs launch the satellite useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites. 2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth. 3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?”,”(a) 1 only”,”(b) 2 and 3”,”(c) 1 and 2”,”(d) 3 only”
65,a,”ISRO’s satellite launch vehicles include PSLV for Earth resources monitoring and GSLV for communication satellites. GSLV Mk III is India’s largest launch vehicle, featuring a solid first stage, liquid second stage, and cryogenic third stage. PSLV is India’s first launch vehicle with liquid stages.”
PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) is a four-stage launch vehicle. It can place satellites into sun-synchronous polar orbits, low earth orbits, and geosynchronous transfer orbits. On the other hand, GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) is a three-stage launch vehicle
