history Flashcards
C. Rajagopalachari and Dr. Rajendra Prasad:
Rajagopalachari: Head of Department of Education. Rajendra Prasad: Head of Department of Food & Agriculture.
Portuguese in Hooghly:
Used as a base for piracy. Qasim Khan, governor of Bengal, subdued them in 1631-32.
Usage of Persian Language:
Maintaining revenue and administrative records.
Maratha Families:
Scindias of Gwalior.
Holkars of Indore.
Gaekwads of Baroda.
Bhonsles of Nagpur.
Battles:
Battle of Wandiwash (1760): English defeated the French.
Battle of Buxar (1764): English defeated Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-daula, Shah Alam II.
Adivasi:
Means primitive people.
Governor-Generals:
Earl Cornwallis: 1786-1793.
Marquess Cornwallis: 1805.
Lord Dalhousie: 1848-1856.
Lord Mountbatten: Last Viceroy of India (1947).
Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
Worked for social reform. Advocate of child marriage, widow remarriage, and women’s rights.
First Indian Cinema Advertisement:
Times of India, 7th August 1896.
Dupleix in India:
Succeeded Dumas as French governor of Pondicherry.
Ambition: Acquire vast territories in India.
Educational Institutions and Reports:
Hindu College, Calcutta: 1817.
Adam?s Report: 1835-38.
Wood?s Despatch: 1854.
University of Calcutta: 1858.
Durgesh Nandini:
Written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1862-1864.
Captain William Sleeman:
Appointed by Lord William Bentick (1828-35) to suppress the thugs.
Educational Reports:
Macaulay?s Minute on Education: 1835.
Wood?s Despatch: 1854.
Sargent Education Report: 1944.
Hunter Commission: 1882-83.
Revolts:
.
Pabna Revolt (1873, East Bengal).
.Birsa Munda Revolt (1899, Ranchi).
Moplah Revolt (1921, Malabar)
Eka Movement (1921-22, UP)
1857 Revolt:
Did not spread everywhere.
Not supported by all groups. S
outh and West India largely unaffected.
Abanindranath Tagore:
Leader of Revivalist Movement in modern Indian painting in Bengal.
British Economic Principle in India:
India as a producer of raw materials.
Raw materials exported to England.
Alam Ara:
First Indian sound film, directed by Ardeshir Irani.
Lord Lytton:
Viceroy from 1876-80.
Lord Hastings:
Governor-General from 1813-23.
Plays:
Ghashiram Kotwal (Vijay Tendulkar, 1972).
Neel Darpan (Dinabandhu Mitra, 1858-1859).
The Life Divine:
Sri Aurobindo?s major philosophical opus.
Revolts:
Santhal Rebellion (1855-56).
Indigo Revolt (1860).
Deccan Riot (1875).
Wars and Treaties:
First Anglo-Maratha War (1782): Britishers defeated.
Second Anglo-Mysore War: Treaty of Mangalore.
First Anglo-Burmese War (1826): Burmese defeated.
First Anglo-Afghan War (1838): Afghan defeated.
Extension of British Indian Territory:
Doctrine of Lapse under Dalhousie. Jhansi, Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli:
Under Portuguese colonial rule till 1954.
Tipu Sultan:
Established embassies in France, Turkey, Egypt.
Meena Kumari:
Not a recipient of Bharat Ratna.
Permanent Settlement:
Introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis.
Zamindars became owners, British got a fixed share.
Arya Samaj:
Founded in 1875 by Dayananda Saraswati.
Charles Wilkins and Bhagavad Gita:
Member of Asiatic Society of Bengal. Translated Bhagavad Gita into English in 1794.
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha:
Established in 1870 by M.G. Ranaday and Joshi. Petitioned in 1875 for India’s direct representation in the British Parliament.
British Contact with Khasis:
After the grant of Diwani in 1765.
Mountain tribes called Khasis.
Regulating Act and Pitts India Act:
Regulating Act: Passed in 1773.
Pitts India Act: Passed in 1784.
Indian Councils Act of 1861:
Transformed Viceroy’s Executive Council into a miniature cabinet. Portfolio system,
five members in charge of distinct departments.
Whitley and Royal Commission on Labour:
Whitley chaired the Royal Commission on Labour in India (1931).
Portuguese Capture of Goa:
Captured from rulers of Bijapur in 1510 (not 1499).
Dutch East India Company in India:
First factory in Masulipattanam in 1605.
Other factories in Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam (1641), Chinsura (1653).
Wood’s Despatch of 1854:
Magna Carta of English education in India. Recommended English for higher studies, vernaculars at school level.
Farrukhsiyar and Revenue Farming:
Introduced revenue farming in Bengal.
Charter Act of 1833:
Provides for the appointment of a law member (not necessarily Indian).
Ilbert Bill:
Introduced during the viceroyalty of Lord Rippon.
First Indian Joint Stock Bank:
Oudh Commercial Bank: Established in 1881 (collapsed in 1958).
Punjab National Bank: Established in Lahore in 1895.
Wars:
First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782).
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-1846).
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849).
Vernacular Press Act:
Passed by Lord Lytton in 1878.
Repealed by Ripon in 1882.
Governor-Generals:
Lord Curzon (1899-1905).
.Lord Hardinge (1910-1916).
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921)
Lord Irwin (1926-1931).
Annexation of Princely States:
Annexed by Lord Dalhousie under Doctrine of Lapse. , Satara (1848)
Sambalpur (1849),
.Jhansi (1854)
Battles:
First Battle of Panipat (1526): Ibrahim Lodi defeated by Babur.
Third Battle of Panipat (1761): Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated Marathas.
Tipu Sultan killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799).
Kunwar Singh:
Belonged to the royal Ujjaini house of Jagdispur.
Leaders in Revolts:
Jhansi: Rani Laxmibai.
Lucknow: Begum Hazrat Mehal.
Jagdishpur (Bihar): Kunwar Singh.
Social Reformers:
Raja Ram Mohan Roy’s campaign led to Bengal Regulation Act of 1829.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Gattunath Bose: First graduates of Calcutta University.
JED Bethune founded Bethune School in Calcutta in 1849.
Vernacular Press Act (1878):
Lord Lytton brought it into force.
Repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882.
Kochi and British Colony:
Modern Kochi became part of the British colony (after being Dutch). Fort Williams built in Kochi by the Dutch.
Lord Curzon and Police Force:
Lord Curzon: First Governor-General to establish a regular police force.
Supreme Court established at Fort Williams by the Regulating Act, 1773.
Battles:
Battle of Ambur (1749).
Battle of Plassey (1757).
Battle of Wandiwash (1760).
Battle of Buxar (1764).
Fabian Society:
British socialist intellectual movement. Focused on gradual influence of socialist ideas.
Charter Act, 1813:
Abolished East India Company monopoly of Indian trade.
Anand Math:
Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Published in 1882.
Rani Lakshmibai:
British forces failed to subdue her.
Betrayed by Man Singh and captured on 7 April 1859.
Revolt of 1857:
Referred to as Sepoy Mutiny.
Lord Canning made Viceroy after the mutiny.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar:
Started the Widow Remarriage Movement.
Annexation of States:
Awadh annexed by Lord Dalhousie in 1856. Doctrine of Lapse not applicable to Awadh.
First Factory Act (1881):
Passed during Lord Ripon’s time. Improved service conditions of factory workers.
Colonial Establishments:
Portuguese (1498).
Dutch (1602).
English (1599).
French (1664).
Warren Hastings:
First Governor-General of Bengal.
Fort Establishments:
Fort St Angelo, Kerala (1505) by the Portuguese
Fort St George, Chennai (1644).
Fort St David, Madras (1670).
Fort William, Calcutta (1781).
.
Bahu-Bivah:
Written in protest of polygamy.
Devi Chaudhurani:
Bengali novel by Bankim Chandra Chatterji. Published in 1884.
Hindu College at Calcutta:
Foundation laid on January 20, 1817.
First Electric Telegraph Line and Export Zone:
First electric telegraph line: Kolkata to Diamond Harbour in 1850.
First export zone: Kandla in 1965.
Lord Cornwallis and Civil Services:
Lord Cornwallis (1786-93): First to bring into existence and organize civil services
Judicial Reforms by Lord Cornwallis:
Judicial reforms in 1793.
Cornwallis Code introduced.
Principle of Separation of Powers.
Creation of District Judge role.
Ahmad Shah Abdali’s Invasion:
To avenge expulsion of Timur Shah.
Invaded India for the fifth time in Oct. 1759. Conquered Punjab.
Portuguese in Pondicherry:
Portuguese established a factory in Pondicherry in the sixteenth century.
Dutch and English later occupied it.
Impact of Cornwallis’ Reforms:
Cornwallis reforms increased litigation.
Removal of Court Fee.
Extension of right of appeal.
Foreign Interference in Indigenous World:
Options rejected for various reasons.
Foreign interference dismantled indigenous structures.
Indian Tribute and Home Charges:
RC Datt’s view on Indian Tribute. Proposes future payment of Home Charges from Indian Exchequer.
Indian National Congress Foundation:
Founded on December 28, 1885.
Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay.
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee elected President.
Ryotwari Settlement:
Peasants pay rent directly to the Government. Government gives pattas to the Ryots.
Statements on Cornwallis’ Reforms:
Statements 1 & 2 are correct.
Raja Todarmal, Babur, and Tobacco:
Raja Todarmal introduced land revenue assessment.
Babur used firearms and artillery in battles.
Tobacco introduced by Portuguese.
Ilbert Bill:
Exempted British subjects from trial by Indian magistrates.
British subjects could only be tried by a high court.
Radcliffe Line:
Boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan.
Named after Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
1911 Durbar and Capital Transfer:
King George V’s visit in 1911.
Capital transfer from Calcutta to Delhi.
Partition of Bengal annulled.
Objectives of Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858):
Disclaim intention to annex Indian States.
Place Indian administration under British Crown.
Manganiyars:
Tribal community from Rajasthan with a strong musical tradition.
Ghadar Party:
Revolutionary association founded by Punjabi Indians. Aimed at gaining India’s independence from British rule.
Headquarters at San Francisco.
Vassal in Feudal System:
A person becomes a vassal by pledging political allegiance. Provides military, political, and financial service to a lord. Lord possesses complete sovereignty over land or acts in the service of another sovereign.
Founders of Indian Nationalism and Anti-imperialism:
Dadabhai Naoroji, R. C. Dutt, Ranade, Gokhale, G. Subramania Iyer.
Grounded Indian nationalism on anti-imperialism.
World’s first economic critique of colonialism before Hobson and Lenin.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act 1919):
Clearly defined jurisdiction of central and provincial governments.
Satyashodhak Samaj:
Established by Jyotirao Phule on September 24, 1873.
Aims to liberate social shudra and untouchable castes from exploitation.
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919):
Introduced self-governing institutions in India. Outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report (1918). Basis for the Government of India Act 1919.
Keshab Chandra Sen and Naba-Bidhan:
In 1881, Keshab Chandra Sen established Naba-Bidhan.
New universalist religion after differences within brahmo Samaj.
Part of Indian reform association to legalize Brahmo marriage and fix minimum age.
Surat Split (1907):
Extremists dissatisfied with Moderates’ negotiation with the British.
Extremists believed it was time for a big push for freedom.
Cripps Mission (1942):
Main proposals: Indian Union with dominion status.
Free to decide relations with the Commonwealth and participate in international bodies.
Propose dominion status to India after WW2.
Annamacharya and Tyagaraja:
Annamacharya belonged to the 15th century.
Tyagaraja born in 1767.
They can’t be contemporaries.
Impact of British Rule on Indian Trade:
Fine qualities of cotton and silk had a big market in Europe.
Bombay handled half of India’s imports and exports
. Opium was a significant item in India’s trade.
Features of Subsidiary Alliance:
Points A, B, and D were salient features.
Commercialization of Indian Agriculture:
Major impact of British rule on the Indian economy.
Timeline of Events:
Neeldarpan (1859),
Satyendranath’s CSE (1863),
Arya Samaj founded (1875),
Anandmath written (1882).
Jonathan Duncan and Fort William College:
Sanskrit College established in Banaras by Jonathan Duncan.
Arthur Wellesley fought 4th Anglo-Mysore war against Tipu Sultan.
Wood’s Dispatch (1854):
Recommended primary and secondary education in Vernacular language. Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Introduction of English Education:
Macaulay, William Bentinck, and Charles Wood were responsible.
Founding Conference of HMS:
Ashok Mehta as General Secretary, G.G. Mehta, and V.S. Mathur as Secretaries.
French Travelers in Mughal India:
ttba
Tavernier, Thevenot, Bernier, and Abbe Carre were French travelers.
Communist Party in Kerala (1957):
In 1957, Communist Party won the largest number of seats in Kerala legislature.
E. M. S. Namboodiripad, leader of the Communist legislature party, invited to form the ministry.
First time worldwide a Communist party government came to power through democratic elections. Correct pattern: _ - 2 - _ - 1 - _ - 4. Option B fits this pattern.
Land Reforms in India:
Ceilings initially imposed on individuals, not family holdings
. Many exemptions to ceiling limits were permitted.
Land reform not responsible for cash crop cultivation becoming predominant.
End of East India Company’s Monopoly (1858):
The Company’s monopoly over trade in India ended.
The Company retained trade with China and trade in tea.
The Company retained possession of territories and revenue for 20 years.
Gandhi’s Activities in Jail (1932):
Gandhi set up the All India Anti-Untouchability League in September 1932.
All India Kisan Congress/Sabha founded in Lucknow in April 1936.
Self-Respect Movement led by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in South India during the 1920s.
Decline of Indigo Cultivation:
The decline began by the beginning of the 20th century.
Synthetic dyes discovered in the late 19th century, affecting indigo production.
Indigo revolt in Bengal in March 1859 played a significant role.
Fort William College and Lord Wellesley:
Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) wanted adequate training for European civil servants.
Fort William College in Calcutta provided three years of training.
Closed in 1802 due to fears of loyalty shifting from London to Calcutta.
Industrialization in 20th Century:
Machines were very few; introduced in the early 20th century
.
Railway lines laid in the second half of the 19th century.
British goods given duty-free trade permits.
Social Reformers in the 20th Century:
B.R. Ambedkar, M.K. Gandhi, and Jyotiba Phule worked in the
20th century. Jyotiba Phule wrote ‘Ghulam Giri.’
Gopal Baba Walangkar was a leader of the Mahar Movement in the 19th century.
Founding of Independence for Indian League:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose as Secretaries.
S. Srinivasa Iyengar as President. Founded to oppose the Nehru Report.
Demanded complete independence and imposition of social structure.
Communist Vanguard and M.N. Roy:
Communist Vanguard was an emigre Communist journal of M.N. Roy.
Timeline of Events:
Partition of Bengal - 1905.
Lucknow Pact - 1916.
Rowlatt Act - February 1919.
Montford Reforms (GIA 1919) - December 1919.
Barrah Dacoity (1908):
Barrah Dacoity organized by Dacca Anushilan under Pulin Das in East Bengal.
Dandi March (1930):
Gandhi started the civil disobedience movement on March 12, 1930.
Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. Broke the salt law on April 6, 1930.
Satya Sodhak Samaj (1873):
Founded by Jyoti Ba Phule in 1873.
Vallabh Bhai Patel in Gujarat:
Vallabh Bhai Patel led the movement in Gujarat.
Formation of Swaraj Party (1923):
Swaraj party formed in 1923 by C.R. Das.
British Sovereignty in India (After Aug 15, 1947):
British sovereignty ceased to exist in India after August 15, 1947.
Drain Theory and Dadabhai Naoroji:
Drain theory put forward by Dadabhai Naoroji. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did not believe in Dadabhai Naoroji’s drain theory.
Residence and Constituent Assembly Election:
Resident of Bombay Presidency, elected to Constituent Assembly from WB.
Rowlatt Act and Gandhi’s Opposition:
Anarchical and Revolutionary Crime Act (1919) - Rowlatt Act. Gandhi called it a Black Act.
Tilak?s Home Rule League
“April 1916; Associated with Karnagatamaru Incident in September 1914; Mahatma Gandhi?s arrival in India from South Africa ? 1915”
Simon Commission
“All 7 members were whites”
Extremists in Indian National Movement
“Believed in sacrificing everything for the cause; Instilled self-respect and patriotism; Emphasized past heroes like Ashoka
Jalianwala Bagh massacre
“Occurred on April 13
Important Events
“August Offer ? 1940
Quit India Movement ? 1942;
; INA Trial ? 1945;
Royal Indian Navy Ratings Revolt ? 1946”
Extremists vs. Moderates in the 20th Century
“Extremists: Aggressive stance
Badruddin Tyabji
“Not associated with the Muslim League;
First Muslim president of INC in 1887 at Madras”
Lord Curzon
“Governor-General from 1899 to 1905”
Ghadr
“Established in 1913 under the leadership of Lala Hardayal; HQ in San Francisco”
Plan Balkan
“Used by Lord Curzon; Unable to keep India united”
Role of Moderates and Extremists
“Separated at Surat session in 1907; Reunited at 1916 session in Lucknow”
Cripps Proposals
“Rejected by the Congress;
Recommended dominion status
instead of complete independence;
Mission consisted solely of whites”
Non-Cooperation Movement
“Started by Gandhi in 1920;
Halted after the Chauri-Chaura incident in 1922”
Interim Government (1946)
“Formed on September 2
Partition of India
“Accepted by the Indian National Congress to avoid large-scale communal riots”
Mahatma Gandhi at the time of Independence
“Not a member of the Congress
; Working in Calcutta to end violence
Abinava Bharat
“Secret society of revolutionaries; Organized in 1904 by VD Sabarkar”
Time Span of Legislative Acts
“Indian Councils Act of 1861 ?
31 years; Indian Councils Act of 1892 ? 17 years;
Indian Councils Act of 1909 ? 10 years;
Government of India Act 1919 ? 16 years”
Cabinet Mission
“Reached Delhi on March 24
Role of S.C. Bose and Socialists in World War II
“Argued war as imperialist; Advocated for Civil Disobedience Movement”
Cabinet Mission Plan
“Came into being in May 1946; Sardar Patel was in favor”
Surendranath Banerji
“Cleared competitive examination in 1869; Dismissed from the job due to racial discrimination”
Imperial Preference
“Proposed system of reciprocally-leveled tariffs; Promoted mutual prosperity within the British Commonwealth”
Quit India Movement
“Placed the demand for independence on the immediate agenda; Described by Lord Linlithgow as the most serious revolt after the sepoy mutiny”
Champaran Movement
“First action of Gandhi on an all-India level; Satyagraha was to be launched on April 6
Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s Three P?s Method
Described as political mendicancy - Propagated militancy, not mendicancy
Best Answer for Hindu-Muslim Unity
Best possible answer is (a)
Aitcheson and Hindu-Muslim Unity
Aitcheson, Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab - Indirectly accepted Hindu-Muslim unity during the revolt of 1857
Government of India Act 1935
Provincial autonomy replaced diarchy - GIA 1919 provided diarchy at the Centre and in provinces
Indian National Army (INA)
Came into existence in March 1942 in Japan - Led by Mohan Singh, idea first conceived in Malaya
Mountbatten Plan
Came into existence on June 3, 1947 - Gandhi suggested inviting Jinnah to form the government instead of partition
Tripura State
Princely state during the British Raj - Involved in the freedom movement, fought against kingship and the British
Gandhi’s Return from South Africa
Returned in 1915 - Launched first successful Satyagraha in Champaran in 1917
Historical Events
Chittagong Armoury Raid ? April 1930 - Abhinav Bharat ? 1904 - Anushilan Samiti ? 1902, Calcutta
Quit India Movement
Placed demand for independence on the immediate agenda -
Described as the most serious revolt after the sepoy mutiny by Lord Linlithgow
Role of Early Nationalists
Fought for the rights of common people
Haripura Session (1938)
Conducted by S.C. Bose
Partition of India
Division in 1947 - Punjab proposed united and independent existence
Balkan Plan (1947)
Brainchild of Mountbatten - Envisaged transfer of power and voting for partition in Punjab and Bengal
Sarojini Naidu
Second woman President of Congress in 1925 - Annie Besant was the first in 1917 -
A.O.
Hume founded INC in 1885 - Alfred Webb was President in 1894 - C.R. Das was President in 1921
Hunter Commission
Appointed after Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) - Separate Hunter Commission (1882-83) emphasized on primary and secondary education
Demand of Complete Independence
Raised by CPI before main political parties in 1921 - Manifesto by M. N. Roy and Abani Mukherjee
Chittagong Armoury Raid
Conducted in April 1930 by Surya Sen - Involved 65 activists under the Indian Republican Army ? Chittagong Branch
Syed Ameer Ali
Established a branch of the League in London in 1908
All India States Peoples? Conference
Political organization in India during the British Raj - Nehru was its president between 1935?1947
Barisal Movement
Liakat Hussain did not lead - Movement for salt breaking during civil disobedience
All-India Muslim League
Founded at Dacca (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) in 1906 - Supported the partition of Bengal
Inclusion of Princely States in Federal Union
British intention in the India Act of 1935 - To counterbalance anti-imperialist doctrines of nationalist leaders
Acharya J.B. Kriplani
INC President (Nov 1946 ? Dec 1947) - 1946 INC session held at Merrut
Communal Award
Announced by Ramsay McDonald in August 1932 - August Offer - 1940; Doctrine of Lapse events
Khudai Khidmatgars
Organized by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan - Non-violent freedom struggle against the British
Labour Leaders and INC
Influenced by communist ideology - Considered INC as bourgeoisie and reactionary
Cabinet Mission (1946)
Last opportunity to avoid partition - Muslim League rejected plan despite winning seats - Did not attend the first meeting of Constituent Assembly on Dec 9, 1946
Constituent Assembly Members
Elected by provincial assemblies - System of proportional representation
Interim Government (1946)
Formed on Sept 2, 1946, as per Cabinet Mission proposal - Headed by Jawahar Lal Nehru
Bardoli Satyagraha (1928)
Led by Vallabhbhai Patel in Gujarat - Women of Bardoli gave him the title of Sardar
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Passed in March 1919 - Authorized government to imprison without trial - Maulana Mohd. Ali and Abul Kalam Azad resigned from legislative council in 1919 during the Khilafat Movement
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
Congress Session at Karachi endorsed the pact in 1931 - Presided over by Vallabh Bhai Patel
Cripps Mission (1942)
Any province not willing to join the Union could have a separate constitution - Provided for Indian Union with dominion status after World War II
Moderates Leaving Congress (1919)
Banerjea and moderates left to form Indian Liberal Federation in 1919
Government of India Act (GIA) 1935
Provincial autonomy replaced diarchy - Governor had powers to refuse assent to bills and promulgate ordinances - Separate electorates based on communal representation persisted
Indian National Congress Sessions
First session in 1885 at Bombay (presided by W.C. Banerjee) - Second session held in Calcutta - Lucknow session in 1916 presided over by A.C. Majumdaar
Constituent Assembly’s First Session (1946)
Held on Dec 9, 1946
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1918)
Basis of Government of India Act (GIA) 1919
Maulana Hasrat Mohani’s Proposal (1921)
Proposed defining Swaraj as complete independence free from foreign control - Presented during the session of All India Muslim League in Lucknow
Tagore’s Protest (1919)
Returned Knighthood as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 1919
Historical Events
Chauri?Chaura?Feb 1922; Minto?Morley Reforms-1909; Dandi March ? 1930; Montagu?Chelmsford Reforms?1918
Ghadr Revolutionaries
Based in San Francisco and branches along the US Coast and in the Far East
Gandhiji’s Advice to Government Servants
Asked not to resign but declare allegiance to Congress - Soldiers were asked not to leave posts but not to fire
Congress Ministries (1937)
Formed in Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, Orissa, United Provinces, Bihar, NWFP, and Assam
Lahore Session (1929)
Working committee authorized to launch a program of Civil Disobedience
Prominent Persons
Include Abani Mukherjee and Mohd. Ali Mohd. Shafiq
Fundamental Rights Resolution (Karachi Session)
Nehru drafted the resolution - Presided over by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
UP Kisan Sabha (1918)
Founded by Indra Narayani Dwivedi and Gauri Shankar Misra - Supported by M.M. Malviya
Civil Disobedience Movements
Champaran (First Civil Disobedience)?1917; Ahmedabad Mill Strike (First Hunger Strike)?March 1918; Kheda Satyagraha (First Non-Cooperation)?June 1918
Shimla Conference (1945)
Lord Wavell was the Viceroy during the conference in June 1945
Round Table Conferences (RTC)
First RTC: Nov 1930 - Jan 1931; Second RTC: Dec 1931 in London; Third RTC: Nov 1932 - Dec 1932; INC did not participate in the first and third RTC; Poona Pact signed by B.R. Ambedkar in September 1932, abandoning separate electorates
Forward Bloc (1939)
Founded on May 3, 1939 - Left-wing nationalist political party, stronghold in West Bengal
GIA 1919
Provincial Autonomy replaced Diarchy - All India Federation comprised British Indian provinces, chief commissioner’s provinces, and Indian states
First Independence Day Celebration (1930)
Celebrated on January 26, 1930
Madam Cama
Unfurled the National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany, on August 21, 1907
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Became the first Indian President of India after independence
Wavell Plan (1945)
Proposed in Simla Conference in June 1945
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
Occurred on April 13, 1919 - Rowlatt Act passed in March 1919, authorizing imprisonment without trial - Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Gandhi’s first Satyagraha in India - Addressed problems of poor peasants caused by indigo planters
National Anthem by Tagore
Written in 1905 in Bangla - Tagore wrote anthems for India and Bangladesh
Gokhale’s Servants of India Society (1905)
Established in 1905 - Gokhale rejected knighthood and a position in the Council of State
Indian National Army (INA) (1942)
Formed in Berlin in January 1942 - Propaganda Ministry announced its formation - Became the ‘Free Indian Legion’ with German Army uniforms
Wavell Plan (1945)
Proposed in Shimla Conference in June 1945 by Lord Wavell
K.G. Deshpande and ‘New Lamps for Old’
Deshpande requested Sri Aurobindo to write for ‘Induprakash’ weekly - Sri Aurobindo wrote fiery articles criticizing Congress for its moderate policy
Book: ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’
Authored by Dadabhai Naoroji
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Passed in March 1919 during Lord Chelmsford’s tenure - Authorized government to imprison without trial
J.B. Kriplani and Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
Educated at Fergusson College, Pune - Joined freedom movement after Gandhi’s return - Contacted Gandhi during Champaran Satyagraha
Al-Hilal Newspaper
Established by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - Used to criticize the British Raj - Shut down under the Press Act of 1914
Formation of INC (1885)
Formed on Dec 28, 1885, in Bombay - First session under the presidency of W.C. Banerjee
Subh-e Azadi (Dawn of Freedom)
Written in August 1947 after the partition of India
Day of Deliverance (1939)
Unilaterally declared by the Viceroy in September 1939 - Congress ministeries resigned in October 1939 - Muslim League declared it as the Day of Deliverance
Quit India Movement (1942)
Cripps Proposals (1942)
Did not include full independence for India - Offered Indian union with dominion status - Congress objected, demanding complete independence
Arrest of Aruna Asaf Ali
Award of ?5000 on her arrest - Known as the grand old lady of the independence movement
Stafford Cripps Mission (1942)
Sent to India with constitutional proposals in March 1942 - Proposed an Indian union with dominion status after the war - A constituent assembly would be convened to frame a new constitution
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Passed in March 1919, opposed by every single Indian member of the Central Legislative Council - Contributed to the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy in Amritsar on April 13, 1919
Dandi March (1930)
Started on March 12, 1930, from Sabarmati Ashram - Reached Dandi on April 6, 1930 - Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt at Dandi
Gandhi’s ‘Do or Die’ Call (1942)
Given during Quit India Movement in 1942 - ‘We shall either free India or die in the attempt.’
Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (1917)
Founded in 1917
Raksha Bandhan (1905)
Day observed as a day of mourning throughout Bengal - People fasted, bathed in the Ganga, walked barefoot in processions, and tied rakhis as a symbol of unity
Instrument of Instructions (1935)
Under Government of India Act 1935 - Issued directives to governors and adopted under Directive Principles of State Policies
Simon Commission (1927)
Established in 1927 - Proposed diarchy in Government of India Act 1919 - Replaced with Provincial Autonomy in Government of India Act 1935
Dadabhai Naoroji’s INC Sessions
Presided over the session at Calcutta in 1906 supporting swadeshi, boycott, and national education - Ras Behari Ghosh presided over the Surat session in 1907 leading to the split between moderates and extremists
Rajagopalachari’s Role (1944)
Instrumental in negotiations between Gandhi and Jinnah - Proposed a solution for Congress-League cooperation in 1944
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Decision made public in December 1903 - Announced in July 1905 - Formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement made on Aug 7, 1905, in protest
Champaran Satyagraha Colleagues
Raj Kumar Shukla requested Gandhi for Champaran - Colleagues: JB Kriplani, Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-Haq, Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parekh
Karachi Session (1931)
Presided by Sardar Patel - Adoption of the Karachi Resolution on Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy - Resolution drafted by Nehru but redrafted due to radicalism concerns
Stafford Cripps Mission (1942)
Sent to India in March 1942 with constitutional proposals - Mission aimed to seek Indian support for the war
Bombay Manifesto (1936)
Signed by twenty-one Bombay businessmen - Open indictment of Nehru’s socialist ideals - Deemed prejudicial to private property and the country’s peace and prosperity
Quit India Movement (1942)
Quit India Resolution passed in August 1942 at Bombay session - Call for nonviolent participation - Opposition from communists, leading to damage to the labor movement - Various events with violence, burning of police stations, railway lines, and post offices
Famine and Taxation (Gujarat)
Famine struck the district and a large part of Gujarat - British government insisted on full taxes despite agrarian economic destruction
Gandhi and Ruskin’s Writings
Gandhi derived the message that ‘the job of a lawyer is equal to a job of a barber’ - Inspired by ‘the good of the individual is contained in the good of all’ - Life of labor derived, not life of celibacy
Usha Mehta
Gandhian and freedom fighter - Operationalized the Congress Radio during Quit India Movement
Nehru Report (1928)
Did not provide for separate electorates - Advocated joint electorates and Bills of Rights
Congress Ministries Resignation (1939)
Resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow’s action - Declaration of India being a belligerent in World War II without consulting Indian people
Social Reforms and INC Deliberations
Congress did not want to include social reforms in its deliberations - Decision to form a separate body for social reforms
Parties Established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
All India Scheduled Castes Federation - Independent Labour Party
Gandhi’s Fast unto Death (1932)
Against Ramsay Macdonald’s Communal Award
Dadabhai Naoroji’s Exposition
Exposed economic exploitation of India by the British
Multiple Choice Correctness (Various Statements)
Only 1st statement is correct
Multiple Choice Correctness (Various Statements)
1st and 3rd statements are correct
Rowlatt Act (1919)
Act with provisions for imprisonment without trial and summary procedures
Tebhaga Movement
Peasant movement in Bengal - Demanded two-thirds share of produce for peasants
Annie Besant
Formed and led the Home Rule Movement - President of Indian National Congress in 1917 - Second President of Theosophical Society (Henry Steel Olcott was the founder)
Simon Commission (1927)
Appointed in November 1927 - Excluded Indians, leading to protests
Cripps Mission (1942)
Delegation sent by the British Government - Negotiations with Congress for cooperation during the war - Talks failed due to the absence of a timetable for self-government and the definition of powers to be relinquished
1929 Congress Session
Significance: Adoption of Poorna Swaraj as the goal of the Congress
Surat Split (1907)
Moderates and Extremists split - Reasons: Moderates’ control, generational impatience, Swadeshi Movement
Incorrect Statements
All statements are incorrect
Rowlatt Committee (1918)
Sedition Committee to evaluate political terrorism - Gandhi utilized Home Rule Leagues, pan-Islamist groups, and his satyagraha sabha
C. Rajagopalachari’s Salt March (1930)
March from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam to break the salt law
Annie Besant and Congress Presidency
First woman President of Indian National Congress - Presided over the 1917 Calcutta session
Bengal Partition and Swadeshi Movement (1905)
British Government’s decision in December 1903 - Swadeshi and Boycott Movement in response to Bengal partition in 1905
Lord Cornwallis and Permanent Settlement
Lord Cornwallis associated with Permanent Settlement system (1793)
Madras Mahajansabha and India Association
Madras Mahajansabha (1884) by M.Viraghavachari, B.SubramaniyaAiyer, P. Ananda Charlu - India Association (1876) by Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
Government of India Act 1919
Provided for dyarchy in provinces with transferred and reserved subjects
Chronology: 2nd RTC, Quit India Movement, RIN Mutiny
Correct chronology: 2nd RTC (1931), Quit India movement (1942), RIN Mutiny (1946)
Butler Committee (1927)
Examined the relationship between states and the Government
Trade Disputes Act of April 1929
Imposed tribunals and tried to ban strikes for certain purposes
Factory Act of 1881 and Middle Class Philanthropy
Lord Ripon introduced the Factory Act of 1881 - N.M. Lokhende’s philanthropic efforts in Bombay
Lala Lajpat Rai and Writings on Mazzini, Garibaldi
Lala Lajpat Rai wrote biographies on Mazzini, Garibaldi, etc.
Santhal Revolt and Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act
Santhal Revolt (1855-56) led to the creation of the Santhal Pargana - Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act (SPT) followed the revolt
Champaran Satyagrah
Option (a) irrelevant to Champaran Satyagrah
Gandhi and Home Rule League
Gandhi accepted the presidentship in 1920, changing it to ‘Swarajya Sabha’
Swadeshi Movement (1906)
National Council of Education set up on August 15, 1906 - Establishment of swadeshi industries
Gandhi and War Conference (1918)
Gandhi supported recruitment for the war at the War Conference
P.C. Joshi and K.C. Neogy
P.C. Joshi was C.P.I. General Secretary - K.C. Neogy was a member of the Constituent Assembly from W.Bengal
Ulgulan (1890s)
Ulgulan was associated with the Mundas of the Chota Nagpur Plateau
Books ‘Desher Katha’ and ‘Deuskar’
‘Desher Katha’ based on the ideas of Naoroji and Digby - Deuskar opposed the partition of Bengal
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
Also known as Delhi Pact - Civil Disobedience Movement suspended in exchange for participation in the Round Table Conference (RTC) - Did not include an inquiry into police excesses
