ENVI ONLYIAS - Sheet8 Flashcards
1,”Which of the following are nitrogen-fixing plants? (2022)”,”1. Alfalfa 2. Amaranth 3. Chickpea 4. Clover 5. Purslane (Kulfa) 6. Spinach”,”2022”
1,a,Nitrogen fixation,Alfalfa, Chickpea and Clover are nitrogen-fixing plants. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes. Fixation can occur through atmospheric (lightning), industrial, or biological processes. Nitrogen fixing plants are: Clovers, vetches, and peas are nitrogen-fixing plants used by farmers worldwide and in the Southern Great Plains of US in particular. Peas or beans can be used as a summer nitrogen-fixing cover crop or harvested for food. Both ways, they enrich the soil with plant-suitable N. Southern peas prefer warm seasons and are sown when the soil temperature reaches 60F. Beans: fava (aka faba, broad), alfalfa, green (aka French), runner, field, sweet, peanuts (aka groundnuts), soybeans, cream, black-eyed, or purple-hulled beans, lupins, lentils, cowpeas.
2,”In the context of ecosystem productivity, marine upwelling zones are important as they increase marine productivity by bringing the: (2011)”,”1. Decomposer microorganisms to the surface. 2. Nutrients to the surface. 3. Bottom-dwelling organisms to the surface.”,”2011”
2,b,Ecosystem productivity/Energy Flow,Marine upwelling brings nutrients to the surface. Upwelling is a process in which deep, cold water of the ocean rises toward the surface. Winds blowing across the ocean surface pushes the water away. Water then rises up from beneath the surface to replace the water that was pushed away. This process is known as “upwelling.” Upwelling is usually observed at the equator where surface waters diverge, in the vicinity of Antarctica where the east and west winds drift, and along coastlines where the wind blows in a way that the Ekman Transport pushes water away from the coast. The water that upwelling causes to rise to the surface is usually cooler and nutrient-rich. Surface waters are “fertilised” by these nutrients, which means that they frequently have high biological production. As a result, good fishing spots are usually found where upwelling is frequent. Statement 1 and 3 are incorrect: At the upwelling zone no such movement of organisms can be observed, they would remain at their position. Statement 2 is correct: Deep ocean water during upwelling is usually extremely cold and nutrient-rich. We frequently find very productive waters in upwelling locations as a result.
3,”If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because (2011)”,”(a) The soil of rainforest is deficient in nutrients (b) Propagules of the trees in a rainforest have poor viability (c) The rain forest species are slow-growing (d) Exotic species invade the fertile soil of rainforest”,”2011”
3,a,Types of ecosystem/Forest/Biomes,The high volume of rainfall in tropical rainforests leaches out most of the nutrients from the soil and makes these soils virtually useless and nutrient deficient for agricultural purposes. Option (b) is incorrect: Propagule is a vegetative structure that can become detached from a plant and give rise to a new plant, e.g. a bud, sucker, or spore. Seed bearing plants are more significant than Propagules in rainforests. Option (c) is incorrect: In the rainforest, the plant species generally compete with each other for sunlight and while doing so they grow so fast that they rapidly consume the nutrients from the decomposed leaf litter. As a result, most of the nutrients are contained in the trees and other plants rather than in the soil. Option (d) is incorrect: Though the exotic invasive species are a threat to rainforests (E.g. Most plantation crops like rubber, palm etc.) but it is also true that the rainforest soil is heavily leached, nutrient deficient, and thus less fertile.
4,”The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment describes the following major categories of ecosystem services—provisioning, supporting, regulating, preserving and cultural. Which one of the following is a supporting service? (2012)”,”(a) Production of food and water (b) Control of climate and disease (c) Nutrient cycling and crop pollination (d) Maintenance of diversity”,”2012”
4,c,,Nutrient cycling and crop pollination are supporting services under Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was initiated in 2001 by the United Nations. The objective of the MA was to evaluate how changing ecosystems might affect human well-being as well as the scientific foundation for any necessary action to improve the systems’ conservation and sustainable usage, as well as their contribution to human well-being. Ecosystem services to the society in the form of – Provisioning services: food, raw materials, genetic resources, water, etc; Regulating services: carbon sequestration and climate regulation; Cultural services: tourism and religion; Supporting services: that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services such as nutrient recycling and soil formation, etc.
5,”What would happen if phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason? (2012)”,”1. The ocean as a carbon sink would be adversely affected. 2. The food chains in the ocean would be adversely affected. 3. The density of ocean water would drastically decrease.”,”2012”
5,a,Food Chain,Phytoplankton prefer iron and iron pulls carbon out of the atmosphere during photosynthesis, thus the complete destruction of phytoplankton would certainly affect the carbon sinking mechanism of the ocean. In a balanced ecosystem, phytoplankton provide food for a wide range of sea creatures, thus Phytoplankton are considered the primary producers in the marine food chain, they are called the ‘grass of the sea’. Thus, the destruction of phytoplankton will certainly have an adverse effect on the marine food chain. Statement 3 is incorrect: First of all the use of extreme words like ‘drastically’ in the statement is itself a red flag. Now coming to the main part of the statement, if the phytoplankton of an ocean is completely destroyed for some reason, then it may affect the marine food chain because when the phytoplankton disappeared, that affects the zooplankton, which then affects the small fish that ate the zooplankton, and the large fish that ate the small fish. So it’s like dominoes falling. Phytoplankton and macroalgae → zooplankton → small fish → large fish. Therefore, it may hardly affect the density of water. Significance of Phytoplanktons: Primary Producer in the marine food chain: Phytoplankton are the primary producers in the marine food chain and hence they are called the ‘grass of the sea’. Contribute Oxygen: They contribute more than half of the oxygen in the environment. Helps in reduction of Global Warming: They reduce global warming by absorbing human-induced carbon dioxide. Bioindicators: They are important bioindicators regulating life in oceans. The ocean ecosystem’s general health is based on their abundance.
6,”With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism is/are known as decomposer organism/organisms? (2013)”,”1. Virus 2. Fungi 3. Bacteria”,”2013”
6,b,Biotic Components,Fungi and Bacteria, are known as decomposers. Decomposer: An organism that primarily feeds on dead organisms or the waste from living organisms. Detritivores: Some organisms perform a similar function as decomposers, and are sometimes called detritivores. The difference lies in the way decomposers and detritivores break down organic material. Detritivores must digest organic material within their bodies in order to break it down and gain nutrients from it. Decomposers do not need to digest organic material internally in order to break it down. Scavengers: Scavengers are the first to arrive at a dead organism’s remains. It includes lions, jackals, wolves, raccoons, and opossums. Example: Bacteria, fungi.
7,”In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of: (2013)”,”(a) Insects and fungi (b) Limited sunlight and paucity of nutrients (c) Water limits and fire (d) None of the above”,”2013”
7,c,Ecological Succession,Water limits and Fire restrict trees to replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession. Grassland Ecosystem: Grassland ecosystems are an early stage of succession in regions where the mature ecosystems are forests. Grass ecosystems, on the other hand, are climax ecosystems in grassland regions when there is insufficient precipitation to support a forest. Grass that dries out during the dry season ignites fires that decimate other plant species and their seeds. In areas with little rainfall, where plants cannot thrive, grasslands develop. A grassland environment transforms into a desert ecosystem as a result of constraining forces including water scarcity and forest fire. Therefore, the ecological succession of grassland is desert. It is, however, notable that the soil of the grassland ecosystem is rich in nutrients and organic matter and provides the largest biomass.
8,”Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? (2013)”,”(a) Oceans, lakes, grasslands, mangroves (b) Mangroves, oceans, grasslands, lakes (c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans (d) Oceans, mangroves, lakes, grasslands”,”2013”
8,c,Energy Flow,The average ocean productivity is about 50 grams carbon per square metre per year; The average land productivity is 160grams carbon per square metre per year; Salt marshes and mangroves have one of the highest productivity of 3300-6000 grams of carbon per square metre per year. Productivity: Productivity is the rate of biomass production. Productivity is measured in mass per unit volume per unit time. The quantity of biomass or organic matter created by plants during photosynthesis per unit area during a certain time is referred to as primary production. Gross primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis. A considerable amount of GPP is utilized by plants in respiration. Gross primary productivity minus respiration losses (R), is the net primary productivity (NPP). GPP – R = NPP. Secondary productivity is the rate at which consumers create new organic matter.
9,”With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: (2013)”,”1. A food chain illustrates the order in which a chain of organisms feeds upon each other. 2. Food chains are found within the populations of a species. 3. A food chain illustrates the numbers of each organism which are eaten by others.”,”2013”
9,a,Food Chain,A food chain is the successive transfer of nutrients and energy from one creature to another. A food chain shows a straightforward and isolated relationship and only one component of the food or energy flow. E.g. Grasses → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk/Eagle. A trophic level is the name given to each step in the food chain. The place an organism holds in a food chain determines its trophic level. Top carnivores are at the end of a food chain, which begins with producers. Types of Food Chains: 1) Grazing food chain and 2) Detritus food chain Grazing food chain: The consumers which start the food chain, utilising the plant or plant part as their food, constitute the grazing food chain. Detritus food chain: This type of food chain starts from organic matter of dead and decaying animals and plant bodies from the grazing food chain. Dead organic matter or detritus feeding organisms are called detritivores or decomposers.
10,”Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? (2013)”,”(a) Ecotone (b) Ecological niche (c) Habitat (d) Home range”,”2013”
10,b,Ecological community,Ecological niche describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community as well. Ecological Niche: The term niche was first time used by Grinnel (1917) to explain microhabitats. The physical space occupied by the organism, its functional role in the community i.e., trophic position, its position in the environmental gradients of temperature, moisture, pH, soil etc. and the conditions of existence. Therefore, Niche is the sum of all the activities and relationships of a species by which it uses the resources in its habitat for its survival and reproduction. No two species have exactly the same niche. Different types of niches are: Habitat niche, Food niche, Reproductive niche, Physical and Chemical niche.
11,”On the planet earth, most of the freshwater exists as ice caps and glaciers. Out of the remaining freshwater, the largest proportion: (2013)”,”(a) is bound in atmosphere as moisture and clouds (b) is found in freshwater lakes and rivers (c) exists as groundwater (d) exists as soil moisture”,”2013”
11,c,Water Conservation,Ground has the largest portion of freshwater after freshwater that exists as ice caps and glaciers. Water Resources: About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. Out of the total water present on the planet earth, the majority is in the form of seas and oceans (more than 97%) and is termed as saline water. While the remaining water is termed as freshwater. The decreasing order of proportion of freshwater in different forms: snow caps, icebergs and glaciers → groundwater → soil moistures → freshwater lakes → atmosphere → rivers.
Reservoir Volume Percentage
(Million of the Total
Cubic km )
Oceans 1,370 97.25
Ice Caps 29 2.05
and Glaciers
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams 0.0017 0.0001
and Rivers
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004
12,”Which one of the following is the best description of the term ‘ecosystem’? (2015)”,”(a) A community of organisms interacting with one another (b) That part of the Earth which is inhabited by living organisms (c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live (d) The flora and fauna of a geographical area”,”2015”
12,c,Ecosystem,Ecosystem can be defined as a community of organisms together with the environment in which they live. Ecosystem: An ecosystem can be defined as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms (producers, consumers, and decomposers) interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. An ecosystem can be of any size but usually encompasses specific and limited species. E.g. Aquatic Ecosystem. In the ecosystem, biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Everything that lives in an ecosystem is dependent on the other species and elements that are also part of that ecological community. A damaged or extinct component of an ecosystem has an effect on the entire system.
13,”Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss? (2018)”,”1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves”,”2018”
13,d,World Biome/Adaptation,Hard and waxy leaves, Tiny leaves and Thorns instead of leaves are the modifications that occur in the desert areas to inhibit water loss. Desert Biome: Both warm and mid-latitude deserts have a predominance of xerophytic or drought-resistant plants. This comprises cacti, thorny bushes, wiry grasses with extensive roots, and scatted dwarf acacias. In order to gather moisture and search for ground water, the majority of desert shrubs have lengthy roots that are widely distributed. Plants with few or no leaves typically have needle-shaped, waxy, leathery, or hairy foliage to reduce water loss through transpiration. Many kinds of grasses and herbs have tough, thick skins on their seeds that serve as protection when the plants are dormant.
14,”The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (2017)”,”(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways”,”2017”
14,b,Technology in wildlife protection,M-STrIPES stands for Monitoring system for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status. M-STrIPES: Launched in 2010 by NTCA and WII across Indian tiger reserves. It is a software-based monitoring system, designed to assist wildlife protection. The system consists of two components: Field based methods for ecological monitoring, law enforcement, recording wildlife offences, and patrolling. A specialised GIS application for reporting, analysis, and data storage. Forest guards are required to use a GPS to track their movements as part of M-STrIPES, in addition to entering their observations on site-specific data sheets.
- In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to
be found surviving on a surface without soil? (2021) - Fern 2. Lichen
- Moss 4. Mushroom
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 3 and 4
15,c,Biodiversity/Ecosystem,Lichen and Moss can survive on a surface without soil. Bryophytes: The plant body is differentiated into a small stem and simple leaves, but true roots are absent. They usually grow in moist places. E.g. Liverworts, mosses Mosses constitute the major component of Indian bryoflora followed by liverworts and hornworts Mosses are non-vascular plants. They do not need soil to survive, instead they have a rhizoid multi-cell anchoring structure that is used to climb and grip over rocky surfaces. Moss thrives in moist and shady areas. Statement 1 is incorrect: There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady forests; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including bogs and swamps; and tropical trees, where many species are epiphytes. Statement 2 is correct: Lichens are generally found on rock, tree bark, soil, houses, tombstones, cars, old farm equipment, etc. Thus, lichen can be found surviving on surfaces without soil. Statement 3 is correct: Mosses are nonvascular plants. They do not need soil to survive, instead they have a rhizoid multi-cell anchoring structure that is used to climb and grip over rocky surfaces. Moss thrives in moist and shady areas. Statement 4 is incorrect: A mushroom is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically grows above ground, on soil, etc.
- Consider the following kinds of organisms: (2021)
- Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria
- Diatoms 4. Foraminifera
Which of the above are primary producers in the
food chains of oceans?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
16,b,Food Chain,Cyanobacteria and Diatoms are primary producers in the food chains of oceans. Copepods: Any member of the widely dispersed crustacean subclass Copepoda is referred to as one of them. Free-living copepods form a crucial link in the food chain and are often assigned the role of “primary consumers”. Copepods play a significant ecological role by feeding numerous fish species. Cyanobacteria: Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in all types of water. These single-celled organisms live in fresh, brackish (combined salt and fresh water), and marine water. These organisms use sunlight to make their own food. Diatoms: Diatoms are photosynthesizing algae, they have a siliceous skeleton (frustule) and are found in almost every aquatic environment including fresh and marine waters, soils, in fact almost anywhere moist. They are not mobile or can only move a small distance along a substrate by secreting mucilaginous material along a raphe, which is a groove or canal that resembles a slit. Since they are autotrophic, they can only exist in the photic zone (water depths down to about 200m depending on clarity).
- Which of the following are detritivores? (2021)
- Earthworms 2. Jellyfish
- Millipedes 4. Seahorses
- Woodlice
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
17,c,Food Chain,Earthworms, Millipedes and Woodlice are Detritivores. Detritivores also known as detritivores, detritophages, detritus feeders, or detritus eaters are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces). By doing so, all these detritivores contribute to decomposition and the nutrient cycles. Detritivores are an important aspect of many ecosystems. They can live on any type of soil with an organic component, including marine ecosystems, where they are termed interchangeably with bottom feeders. Typical detritivorous animals include earthworm, millipedes, springtails, woodlice, dung flies, slugs, many terrestrial worms, sea stars, sea cucumbers, fiddler crabs, and some sedentary polychaetes such as worms of the family Terebellidae.
18,”In which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrients to enter the cycle? (2021)”,”(a) Carbon cycle (b) Nitrogen cycle (c) Phosphorus cycle (d) Sulphur cycle”,”2021”
18,c,Biogeochemical Cycles,Phosphate ions and other minerals gradually leak out of rocks as a result of weathering and rain. Phosphorus Cycle: The phosphorus cycle (unlike the carbon and nitrogen cycles) lacks an atmospheric component. Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients in biological systems since it is a fundamental ingredient of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and several phosphorylated compounds. Phosphate ions and other minerals gradually leak out of rocks as a result of weathering and rain. This inorganic phosphate is subsequently distributed in soils and water. Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil and then these plants are consumed by animals. Phosphate is incorporated into organic molecules such as DNA in plants and animals. When the plants and animals die, it decays, and the organic phosphate is returned to the soil.
19,”Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms? (2021)”,”1. Cnidarians 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa”,”2021”
- (d) Sub-Theme: Species Interaction
Option (d) is the correct answer: All species
can establish a symbiotic relationship with
other organisms.
Symbiotic Relationship:
z A relationship between two (or more) species
that may or may not be advantageous to
one or both is referred to as symbiotic. The
organisms could belong to the same species
or to separate ones.
z For eg., Coral has a symbiotic relationship
(each gives something to the other and
gets something back in return) with
‘zooxanthellae’ microscopic algae which live
on coral.
Option 1 is correct: The relationship between
cnidarians and dinoflagellate algae is termed
“symbiotic” because both the animal host and the
algae are benefiting from the association. It is a
mutualistic interaction.
Option 2 is correct: Two common mutualistic
relationships involving fungi are mycorrhiza
(fungi and plant roots) and lichen (fungi and
either cyanobacteria or green algae).
Option 3 is correct: Protozoa mostly represent
a close mutualistic association between a
protozoan and unicellular symbiont such as
bacteria, cyanobacteria or/and unicellular algae
or protozoans and a multicellular organisms
such as ruminants, lower termites, wood-eating
cockroaches, plants.
20,”With reference to the water on the planet Earth, consider the following statements: (2021)”,”1. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater. 2. The amount of water in polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater.”,”2021”
20,b,Water Conservation,Water Resources: 71 % of earth surface constitutes water & only 29 % constitutes a land area of earth 97 % of water area constitutes Oceans & Seas & 2.5 % as freshwater 75 % of freshwater in glaciers & ice caps 7 % of freshwater is groundwater Fresh Water → Glaciers > Groundwater > Ice & Snow > Lakes > soil moisture > atmosphere > Rivers. NOTE: This question is repeated from 2013. Also, it is a direct question from Class 7 NCERT (Geography).
- The “Red Data Books” published by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resource (IUCN) contain lists of (2011) - Endemic plant and animal species present in the
biodiversity hotspots. - Threatened plant and animal species.
- Protected sites for conservation of nature and
natural resources in various countries.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only
- (b) Sub-Theme: Biodiversity Conservation
Option (b) is the correct answer: Red Data
Books contain lists of Threatened plant and
animal species.
Statements 1 and 3 are incorrect: The IUCN
Red List of “threatened species” is the world’s
most comprehensive inventory of the global
conservation status of plant and animal species,
which is a grouping of three categories: Critically
Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.
Statement 2 is correct: The IUCN Red List
Categories define the extinction risk of species
assessed. Nine categories extend from NE
(Not Evaluated) to EX (Extinct). Among these
nine categories, Critically Endangered (CR),
Endangered (EN) and Vulnerable (VU) species
are considered to be threatened with extinction.
22,”Which one of the following is not a site for the in-situ method of conservation of flora? (2011)”,”(a) Biosphere Reserve (b) Botanical Garden (c) National Park (d) Wildlife Sanctuary”,”2011”
22,b,Modes of Conservation,Botanical Garden is an important location for ex situ conservation. Ex situ conservation is the preservation of biodiversity away from their natural habitats. Important locations for ex situ conservation include seed banks, botanical, horticultural, and recreational gardens.
23,”Three of the following criteria have contributed to the recognition of Western Ghats-Sri Lanka and Indo-Burma regions as hotspots of biodiversity: (2011)”,”1. Species richness 2. Vegetation density 3. Endemism 4. Ethno-botanical importance 5. Threat perception 6. Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and humid conditions”,”2011”
- (c) Sub-Theme: Biodiversity Hotspot
Biodiversity Hotspot:
z Biodiversity hotspots are regions with
high species richness and a high degree of
endemism.
z In 1988, the British biologist Norman Myers
coined the term “biodiversity hotspot” as
a biogeographic region characterized both
by exceptional levels of plant endemism and
by serious levels of habitat loss.
z In 1989, Conservation International (CI)
adopted Myers’ hotspots as its institutional
model and provided the following
qualifications for a hotspot: - Species endemism: It includes at least
1,500 vascular plant species that are
unique to the planet (endemic species). - Degree of Threat: Primary native
vegetation has lost at least 70% of its
original coverage.
Statement 1 and 3 are correct: Species richness
and endemism is one of the major criteria which
must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular
plants (> 0.5% of the world’s total) as endemics.
Statement 5 is correct: ‘Degree of Threat’ is also
a major criteria for the recognition of biological
hotspots. It has to have lost at least 70% of its
original habitat. (It must have 30% or less of its
original natural vegetation). In other words, it
must be threatened.
Statement 2, 4 and 6 are incorrect: Are not
the criteria for the recognition of Biodiversity
Hotspots.
24,”Consider the following statements: (2011)”,”1. Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes. 2. Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.”,”2011”
24,c,Biomes,Diversity of plants and animals is not uniform throughout the world. Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the pole. Elevational diversity gradient (EDG) is an ecological pattern where biodiversity changes with elevation. The EDG states that species richness tends to increase as elevation increases, up to a certain point, creating a “diversity bulge” at middle elevations, after which it decreases with altitude. Therefore, it is true that along the mountain gradients, biodiversity is normally greater in the lower altitudes as compared to the higher altitudes.
- Biodiversity forms the basis for human existence in
the following ways: (2011) - Soil formation
- Prevention of soil erosion
- Recycling of waste
- Pollination of crops
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
25,d,Services provided by Biodiversity,Biodiversity provides a number of natural services for human beings including ecosystem services like protection of water resources, soils formation and protection, nutrient storage and recycling, and biological services like food, medicinal resources, wood products, and social services like research, education, and recreation.
26,”The Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. Which one among the following is the most appropriate reason for this phenomenon? (2011)”,”(a) It has high rainfall that supports luxuriant vegetative growth (b) It is a confluence of different biogeographical zones (c) Exotic and invasive species have not been introduced in this region (d) It has less human interference”,”2011”
26,b,Biomes,Being a confluence of different biogeographical zones, the Himalayan Range is very rich in species diversity. India is categorized into ten biogeographic zones, including the Trans-Himalayan zone and the Himalayan zone.
- How does the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA)
help in protecting Indian Agriculture? (2012) - NBA checks the biopiracy and protects the
indigenous and traditional genetic resources. - NBA directly monitors and supervises the
scientific research on genetic modification of crop
plants. - Application for Intellectual Property Rights
related to genetic/biological resources cannot be
made without the approval of NBA.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
27,c,Conservation Effort,The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 under the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. It performs regulatory and advisory functions for the Government of India on issues related to conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. It supports the creation of State Biodiversity Boards (SBBs) and is involved in notifying Biodiversity Heritage Sites.
28,”‘Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news, are related to (2016)”,”(a) constitutional reforms (b) Ganga Action Plan (c) linking of rivers (d) protection of Western Ghats”,”2016”
28,d,Disaster Management,The Gadgil Committee Report (2011) and Kasturirangan Committee Report (2013) are related to the protection of the Western Ghats. The Gadgil Committee primarily demarcated ecologically sensitive areas in the Western Ghats, while the Kasturirangan Committee examined the recommendations of the Gadgil Committee.
- Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the
population of species of butterflies, what could be
its likely consequence/consequences? (2017) - Pollination of some plants could be adversely
affected. - There could be a drastic increase in the fungal
infections of some cultivated plants. - It could lead to a fall in the population of some
species of wasps, spiders and birds.
Select the correct using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
29,c,Biotic Interaction,Biotic agents like bees and butterflies play a vital role in pollination, which is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil. Predators such as wasps, ants, birds, and snakes may feed on butterflies, and a decline in butterfly population could adversely affect the food chain.
30,”Which one of the following is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent? (2021)”,”(a) Congress grass (b) Elephant grass (c) Lemongrass (d) Nut grass”,”2021”
30,c,Biodiversity/Everyday Science,Lemongrass is used in preparing a natural mosquito repellent due to its effectiveness in warding off mosquitoes. It contains citronella, a chemical that helps disguise the smells that mosquitoes use to target victims.
31,”The vegetation of savannah consists of grassland with scattered small trees, but extensive areas have no trees. The forest development in such areas is generally kept in check by one or more or a combination of some conditions. Which of the following are such conditions? (2021)”,”1. Burrowing animals and termites 2. Fire 3. Grazing herbivores 4. Seasonal rainfall 5. Soil properties”,”2021”
31,c,Biomes,The Savannah biome, characterized by vast expanses of open grassland with few trees, is found on all continents except Antarctica. The largest savannahs are located close to the equator in Africa, such as the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania.
32,”Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? (2022)”,”(a) Cotton (b) Rice (c) Sugarcane (d) Wheat”,”2022”
32,b,Agriculture and Greenhouse gases,Rice cultivation is a significant source of both methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, which are potent greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an agricultural methodology aimed at increasing rice productivity while reducing water and chemical fertilizer usage.
- “System of rice Intensification” of cultivation, in which
alternate wetting and drying of rice fields is practised,
results in: (2022) - Reduced seed requirement
- Reduced methane production
- Reduced electricity consumption
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
33,d,System of Rice Intensification,The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) involves various practices such as wider spacing of seedlings, intermittent irrigation, and frequent weeding to increase rice productivity. Benefits of SRI include higher yields, reduced seed requirement, lower water consumption, and improved soil health.
- With reference to micro-irrigation, which of the
following statements is/are correct? (2011) - Fertilizer/nutrient loss can be reduced.
- It is the only means of irrigation in dryland farming.
- In some areas of farming, the receding of
groundwater tables can be checked.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
34,c,Agriculture and Environment,Micro-irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler systems, help in water-saving, increased irrigation efficiency, higher yields, and reduced water loss. They are an energy-efficient and cost-saving method of irrigation compared to traditional flood irrigation.
- What can be the impact of excessive/inappropriate
use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture? (2015) - Proliferation of nitrogen fixing microorganisms
in soil can occur. - Increase in the acidity of soil can take place.
- Leaching of nitrate to the groundwater can occur.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
35,c,Soil Pollution,The excessive or inappropriate use of nitrogenous fertilizers can lead to increased soil acidity, leaching of nitrate into groundwater, and nutrient imbalances in the soil. This can have detrimental effects on soil health and groundwater quality.
- Which of the following statements can help in water
conservation in agriculture? (2017) - Reduced or zero tillage of the land
- Applying gypsum before irrigating the field
- Allowing crop residue to remain in the field
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
36,c,Agriculture and Environment,Conservation Tillage, including no-till farming or zero tillage, helps conserve soil moisture by reducing soil disturbance. Crop residues left on the soil surface act as mulch, reducing evaporation losses and protecting the soil from direct impact of raindrops.
37,”Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilization”? (2018)”,”(a) Increased plant growth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere”,”2018”
37,a,Agriculture and Environment,Carbon fertilization, also known as carbon dioxide fertilization, involves enriching the atmosphere of greenhouses with carbon dioxide to enhance plant growth and productivity. Elevated levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide can increase photosynthesis rates, water use efficiency, and overall plant growth, leading to higher agricultural yields.
- With reference to agricultural soils, consider the
following statements: (2018) - A high content of organic matter in soil drastically
reduces its water holding capacity. - Soil does not play any role in the sulphur cycle.
- Irrigation over a period of time can contribute to
the salinization of some agricultural lands.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
38,b,Agriculture and Environment,Salinization is a major concern associated with irrigation, as excessive salt deposits can accumulate in the soil, harming crop growth. Sulphur is a nutrient essential for plant growth, but it is not associated with salinization. Soil water holding capacity is influenced by factors such as soil texture and organic matter content, not sulphur or salinization.
- With reference to the circumstances in Indian
agriculture, the concept of “Conservation Agriculture”
assumes significance.
Which of the following fall under the Conservation
Agriculture? (2018) - Avoiding the monoculture practices
- Adopting minimum tillage
- Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops
- Using crop residues to cover soil surface
- Adopting spatial and temporal crop sequencing/
crop rotations
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
(c) 2, 4 and 5 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 5
39,c,Agriculture and Environment,Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a farming system that promotes minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of permanent soil cover, and diversification of plant species. FAO’s principles of Conservation Agriculture include minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil organic cover, and species diversification to enhance soil health and crop productivity.
40,”In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as (2019)”,”(a) pesticides in agriculture (b) preservatives in processed foods (c) fruit-ripening agents (d) moisturizing agents in cosmetics”,”2019”
40,a,Pesticides in Agriculture,Carbofuran, Methyl Parathion, Phorate, and Triazophos are pesticides used in agriculture. Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests such as insects, fungi, bacteria, and weeds. In India, pesticides must be registered with the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
- What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?
(2020) - Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is
possible. - Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all
other phosphatic fertilizers is possible. - Increased availability of nutrients to plants is
possible. - Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients
is possible.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 2, 3 and 4 only
41,c,Agriculture and Environment,Fertigation involves the incorporation of fertilizers into irrigation water, which is then applied to crops using drip irrigation systems. It helps control weed growth and reduces soil alkalinity by avoiding water spillage on the field.
- What is/are the advantage/ advantages of zero tillage
in agriculture? (2020) - Sowing of wheat is possible without burning the
residue of the previous crop. - Without the need for a nursery of rice saplings,
direct planting of paddy seeds in the wet soil is
possible. - Carbon sequestration in the soil is possible.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
42,d,Sustainable Agriculture,Zero tillage or no-till farming offers several benefits, including reduced soil erosion, increased water infiltration and storage capacity, higher crop yields, and increased soil organic matter and carbon sequestration.
- In the context of India, which of the following is/
are considered to be practice(s) of eco-friendly
agriculture? (2020) - Crop diversification
- Legume intensification
- Tensiometer use
- Vertical farming
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
43,a Sustainable Agriculture,Various methods of sustainable agriculture include mixed cropping, legume intensification, crop rotation, tensiometers for irrigation management, and vertical farming. These methods aim to enhance soil fertility, conserve water, and increase agricultural productivity.
- What is the use of biochar in farming? (2020)
- Biochar can be used as a part of the growing
medium in vertical farming. - When biochar is a part of the growing medium,
it promotes the growth of nitrogen-fixing
microorganisms. - When biochar is a part of the growing medium, it
enables the growing medium to retain water for
longer time.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
44,d,Environment and Agriculture,Biochar is a high-carbon residue produced through pyrolysis of biomass. It has several benefits, including increased agricultural output, soil improvement, water retention, and promotion of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Using biochar in vertical farming can significantly enhance crop yield.
- How is permaculture farming different from
conventional chemical farming? (2021) - Permaculture farming discourages monocultural
practices but in conventional chemical farming,
monoculture practices are predominant. - Conventional chemical farming can cause an
increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such
a phenomenon is not observed in permaculture
farming. - Conventional chemical farming is easily possible
in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is
not so easily possible in such regions. - Practice of mulching is very important in
permaculture farming but not necessarily so in
conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1, 2 and 4
(c) 4 only (d) 2 and 3
45,b,Sustainable Agriculture,Permaculture farming promotes multi-cropping and integrated farming systems, relying on organic fertilizers and minimizing environmental impact. It is suitable for semi-arid regions and promotes practices like mulching for maximum efficiency.
46,”In the context of India’s preparation for Climate-Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (2021)”,”1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is a part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research programme. 2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) headquartered in France. 3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centres. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2021”
46,d,Agriculture and Environment,Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) aims to assist agricultural systems in adapting to climate change while sustainably increasing productivity, adapting to climate change, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Climate-Smart Village project in India is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which is carried out under CGIAR, including research centers like ICRISAT.
47,”In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: (2022)”,”1. The 24-hour mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 15 ug/m3 and annual mean of PM2.5 should not exceed 5 ug/m3. 2. In a year, the highest levels of ozone pollution occur during the period of inclement weather. 3. PM10 can penetrate the lung barrier and enter the bloodstream. 4. Excessive ozone in the air can trigger asthma. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2 only”,”2022”
47,b,Air quality,Ground-level ozone is formed by the reaction of pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with sunlight. It occurs more during sunny weather, not inclement weather. PM2.5 is a common proxy indicator for air pollution and can penetrate deep into the lungs, affecting health. Excessive ozone can trigger asthma and other respiratory problems.
48,”Consider the following: (2022)”,”1. Carbon monoxide 2. Nitrogen oxide 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Excess of which of the above in the environment is/ are cause(s) of acid rain? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4”,”2022”
48,b,Air Pollution,Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form nitric and sulfuric acids, leading to acid rain. Acid rain harms microorganisms in soil, affects plant growth, kills aquatic animals, and corrodes metals and stone buildings. Common air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3).
49,”There is a concern over the increase in harmful algal blooms in the seawaters of India. What could be the causative factors for this phenomenon? (2011)”,”1. Discharge of nutrients from the estuaries. 2. Run-off from the land during the monsoon. 3. Upwelling in the seas. Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2011”
49,d,Water Pollution,Nutrient enrichment, temperature, light, stable conditions, turbidity, and aquaculture operations are responsible factors for algal blooms. Nutrients from sources like fertilized agricultural areas, soil erosion, and sewage effluent promote algal growth. Cold water upwelling can also bring nutrient-rich water to the surface, leading to algal blooms.
50,”Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (2013)”,”1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5”,”2013”
50,c,Water Pollution,Arsenic, fluoride, and uranium are pollutants commonly found in drinking water sources. Water pollution arises from various sources such as agricultural runoff, sewage water, industrial effluents, thermal pollution, and oil spills. Groundwater pollutants in India also include iron and nitrate.
51,”Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (2013)”,”1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium 3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor 5. Mercury 6. Lead 7. Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only (b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only (c) 2, 4, 5 and 7 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7”,”2013”
51,b,Waste Management,Various harmful constituents are released into the environment due to improper disposal of e-waste, including lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, brominated flame retardants, barium, phosphorus, heavy metals, copper, nickel, lithium, and beryllium.
52,”Acid rain is caused by the pollution of environment by (2013)”,”(a) Carbon dioxide and nitrogen (b) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (c) Ozone and carbon dioxide (d) Nitrous oxide and sulphur dioxide”,”2013”
52,d,Air Pollution,Nitrous oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form nitric and sulfuric acids, leading to acid rain. Acid rain harms microorganisms in soil, affects plant growth, and corrodes metals and stone buildings.
53,”Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (2013)”,”(a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature (d) High concentration of NO2, O3 and CO in the evening”,”2013”
53,a,Air Pollution,NO2, O3, and peroxyacetyl nitrate react in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical smog (summer smog).
54,”Improper handling and storage of cereal grains and oilseeds result in the production of toxins known as aflatoxins which are not generally destroyed by the normal cooking process. Aflatoxins are produced by: (2013)”,”(a) bacteria (b) protozoa (c) moulds (d) viruses”,”2013”
54,c,General Science,Aflatoxins, poisonous substances, are produced by certain kinds of fungi (moulds) such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These toxins can contaminate food crops and pose health risks to humans and livestock.
55,”Which of the following are some important pollutants released by steel industry in India? (2014)”,”1. Oxides of sulphur 2. Oxide of nitrogen 3. Carbon monoxide 4. Carbon dioxide Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4”,”2014”
55,d,Industrial Pollution,The steel industry in India releases major pollutants such as CO, SOx, NOx, and PM2 into the air, as well as wastewater contaminants, hazardous wastes, and solid wastes.
56,”There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? (2014)”,”1. They can accumulate in the environment and contaminate water and soil. 2. They can enter the food chains. 3. They can trigger the production of free radicals. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2014”
56,d,Industrial Pollution,Nanoparticles can accumulate in the environment, contaminate land and water, enter food chains, trigger the production of free radicals, and potentially cross cell membranes to cause damage to cells in various organs.
57,”Brominated flame retardants are used in many household products like mattresses and upholstery. Why is there some concern about their use? (2014)”,”1. They are highly resistant to degradation in the environment. 2. They are able to accumulate in humans and animals. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2”,”2014”
57,c,General Environment,Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are highly resistant to degradation in the environment and have been identified as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances, posing risks to human health and the environment, including potential neurobehavioral effects and endocrine disruption.
58,”Which of the following best describe/ describes the aim of the ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of India? (2016)”,”1. Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the ‘green accounting’ 2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future 3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2016”
58,c,Conservation/Environmental pollution,The Green India Mission (GIM) aims to protect, restore, and enhance India’s forest cover, respond to climate change through adaptation and mitigation strategies, increase forest-based livelihood incomes, and enhance annual carbon sequestration by 50 to 60 million tonnes by 2020.
59,”In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of the Air Quality Index? (2016)”,”1. Carbon dioxide 2. Carbon monoxide 3. Nitrogen dioxide 4. Sulfur dioxide 5. Methane Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5”,”2016”
59,b,Air Pollution,The Air Quality Index (AQI) typically considers pollutants such as ground-level ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to inform the public about air quality.
60,”Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for: (2017)”,”(a) Measuring oxygen levels in blood (b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems (c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems (d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions”,”2017”
60,c,Water Pollution,The pollution assay in aquatic ecosystems is often based on the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) criterion, which measures the amount of organic waste present in water by assessing the oxygen needed by bacteria to decompose it. BOD is not a reliable method for assessing water pollution as it only includes biodegradable elements.
61,”In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique? (2017)”,”1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2017”
61,c,Eco-Engineering,Bioremediation offers several benefits, including minimizing damage to ecosystems, causing less disruption to communities, and producing relatively few harmful byproducts. However, not all contaminants can be readily treated by bioremediation, and the use of genetic engineering for bioremediation purposes may pose both opportunities and risks.
62,”It is possible to produce algae-based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry? (2017)”,”1. Production of algae-based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents. 2. Setting up and engineering the algae-based biofuels production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is complete. 3. Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large-scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2017”
62,b,Eco-Engineering,Biofuels can be solid, liquid, or gaseous, and they are derived from organic matter such as wood, plant material, or manure. While algae can be used to produce biofuels, significant capital investments are required, and there are ecological and economic concerns associated with using land allotted to food crops for algal biofuel production.
63,”Which of the following is/are the possible consequence/s of heavy sand mining in river beds? (2018)”,”1. Decreased salinity in the river 2. Pollution of groundwater 3. Lowering of the water-table Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2018”
63,b,Sand Mining (Environmental Issues),Heavy sand mining in riverbeds can lead to pollution of groundwater, lowering of the water table, and increased suspended particles in water. Saline-water intrusion from nearby seas is not a direct consequence of sand mining.
64,”In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned? (2019)”,”(a) Extraction of rare earth elements (b) Natural gas extraction technologies (c) Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles (d) Waste-to-energy technologies”,”2019”
64,d,Waste Management,Pyrolysis and plasma gasification are waste-to-energy technologies that involve the chemical decomposition of organic matter through heat, producing gases like syngas that can be used for power generation. These technologies are used to convert municipal solid waste into energy.
65,”Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into the environment? (2019)”,”(a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems. (b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children. (c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. (d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants.”,”2019”
65,a,Water Pollution,Microbeads, commonly found in personal care products, pose an environmental hazard to aquatic animals and contribute to plastic particle water pollution. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified microbeads as “unsafe” for use in cosmetic products.
66,”Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’? (2019)”,”1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits. 2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the seafloor. 3. Methane in the atmosphere oxidised to carbon dioxide after a decade or two. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2019”
66,d,Methane Emission,Methane hydrate is a crystalline solid composed of methane molecules trapped in a cage of interlocking water molecules. Melting ice due to global warming may release methane gas from these deposits, contributing to climate change. Sedimentary rock units below Arctic permafrost have conditions suitable for methane hydrate formation. Methane is relatively short-lived in the atmosphere, mainly reacting with other gases within a decade.
67,”Consider the following: (2019)”,”1. Carbon monoxide 2. Methane 3. Ozone 4. Sulphur dioxide Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4”,”2019”
67,d,Air Pollution,Burning stubble releases various harmful pollutants into the air, including smoke, greenhouse gases, air pollutants, and volatile organic compounds. These pollutants can adversely affect human health, soil fertility, and aquatic ecosystems.
68,”Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (2020)”,”1. Automobile exhaust 2. Tobacco smoke 3. Wood burning 4. Using varnished wooden furniture 5. Using products made of polyurethane Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5”,”2020”
68,a,Air pollution,Benzene pollution can result from automobile exhaust, tobacco smoke, and wood burning. Benzene is a highly flammable liquid with various sources, including natural sources like volcanoes and forest fires, as well as industrial processes.
69,”According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (2020)”,”1. Cassava 2. Damaged wheat grains 3. Groundnut seeds 4. Horse gram 5. Rotten potatoes 6. Sugar beet Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6”,”2020”
69,a,Eco-Engineering,India’s National Policy on Biofuels 2018 categorizes biofuels into basic and advanced types, allowing the use of various raw materials for ethanol production, including sugarcane juice, sugar-containing materials, starch-containing materials, and damaged food grains.
70,”Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? (2020)”,”It is a measure, in monetary value, of the: (a) Long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emissions in a given year. (b) Requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels. (c) Efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place. (d) Contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.”,”2020”
70,a,Air Pollution/Carbon Pricing/Carbon Emission,The social cost of carbon (SCC) measures the monetary value of the long-term damage caused by emitting one ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. It helps policymakers understand the economic impacts of decisions related to emissions and climate change mitigation efforts.
71,”Consider the following statements: (2020)”,”1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2020”
71,d,Air Pollution/Coal Ash,Coal ash contains contaminants like mercury, cadmium, and arsenic, which can pollute waterways, groundwater, drinking water, and air if not properly managed. Burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, leading to acid rain. Indian coal typically has higher ash content due to the drift theory of coal deposit formation.
72,”Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? (2021)”,”1. They may release lethal quantities of carbon monoxide into the environment. 2. The copper slag can cause the leaching of some heavy metals into the environment. 3. They may release sulphur dioxide as a pollutant. Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2021”
72,b,Industrial Pollution,Copper smelting releases various air pollutants and heavy metals such as hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead, nickel, and zinc. Some smelting processes produce solid waste (slag) containing contaminants that can leach into groundwater.
73,”With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: (2021)”,”1. It is a product of oil refineries. 2. Some industries use it to generate power. 3. Its use causes sulphur emissions into the environment. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3”,”2021”
73,d,Air Pollution/Emissions,Furnace oil is a residual product of crude-oil distillation used as fuel in combustion equipment. It is associated with emissions of oxides of sulfur due to its sulfur content. Furnace oil is used in marine engines, slow-speed engines for power generation, drying tea leaves, and thermic fluid heaters.
