Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a level pyschology > SCHIZOPHRENIA > Flashcards

SCHIZOPHRENIA Flashcards

1
Q

define schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder which affects thoughts and emotions to the point they loose touch of reality
- affects 1% of population between 15-35
- most common psychotic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

positive symptom of schizophrenia

A

addition to normal life
1. hallucinations
2. delusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

negative symptoms

A

atypical experiences that represent loss of function
1. avolition- lack of activity levels
2. speech poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ICD-10

A

created by world health organisation
used across world
recognises subtypes
2+ negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DSM-10

A

american psychiatric association
USA only
previous subtypes removed since DSM 1
1+ positive symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

validity in schizophrenia

A

the extent to which schizophrenia is accurately classified as a unique syndrome with symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

whats criterion validity

A

evaluates accuracy a test measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats symptom
overlap

A

symptom overlap considers overlap in symptom of disorders
lowers validity of diagnosis of a unique syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats co morbidity

A

the extent to which 2 or more conditions occur together and common in patients eg: depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rosenhan aim

A

how well can psychiatrists distinguish real schizophrenia from 8 pseudo patients who gained admission in 12 hospitals by 1 fake symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

procedure 1

A

8 pseudo patients ( 2W, 5M )
they arrived at 12 hospitals around 5 states in USA
symptom: hearing voices ( empty hollow and thud )
after admission, patients acted normal and acted as if they wanted to leave
- no medication swallowed
- recorded doctors answers
- no further symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

results from procedure 1

A

all were admitted, average stay was 19 days
range between 7-52
released with diagnosis of schizophrenia
30% of cases- real patients made comments that fake patients was fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

procedure 2 of Rosenhan

A

nurses and doctors made aware that these pseudo patients would come back in 3 months
doctors had to rate likability that patients were fake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

results from procedure 2

A

41/193 were rated fake
all were real

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 strengths of rosenhan study

A

hospitals vary- generalised findings
design was simple, patients were asked to be themselves
replicated and reliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

weakness of rosenhan

A

symptom was valid, therefore results may be less suprisijg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does rosenhans findings link to a lack in validity of diagnosis

A

lacks validity as sz was applied inappropriately.
the studies findings emphasise how professionals could not tell the difference between sane and insane individuals, questioning reliability and validity of psychiatric labels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cultural bias within validity of classification and diagnosis of sz

A

African Americans and english people of afro carribean origin are several times likelier to be diagnosed with sz
HOWEVER
rates of sz arent high in the west indied, thereofre diagnosis is a result of culturasl bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

extra note of cultural bias example within diagnosis of SZ

A

positive symptoms may be accepted in African cultures due to cultural beliefs ( eg communication with ancestors ) and not be viewed as SZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Escobar 2012 study

A

white psychiatrist may over interpret symptoms of black people during diagnosis due to cultural differences and mannerisms
Thereofore, this suggests psychiatrists must pay more attention to cultural differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

gender bias within diagnosis of SZ study

A

290 psychiatrists were shown cases of patient behaviours
males 56% diagnosed
females 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

issues with low validity

A

misdiagnosis- mistreatment- worsen symptoms- QOL- economy worsens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Serper et al 1999 study

A

assessed patients with co- morbid SZ and cocaine abuse, j ca and j sz
they found despite symptom overlap it was possible to make accurate diagnosis
INC VALIDITY AND QOL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ketter 2005 study

A

points out that misdiagnosis due to symptom overlap can lead to years of delay in receiving relevant treatment, during which time suffering and further degeneration can occur
QOL DEC people endure years of suffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

symptom overlap percentages

A

around half of patients with diagnosis of sz also have diagnosis of depression (50%) as well as substance abuse ( 47% ).
PTSD also occured in 29% of cases and OCD 23%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cause of SZ: family dysfunction define

A

one cause of SZ is family dysfunction, suggested by frith. this is where psychologusts have tried to link SZ and living in a dysfunctional family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

who came up with three theories of family dysfunction

A

frith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

theory one: schizophrenogenic mother
FROMM REICHMAN

A

mothers: cold, rejecting, controlling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

impact of schizophrenogenic mothers

A

creates family of tension, secrecy and leads to distrust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what symptoms do schizophrenogenic mothers lead to

A

paranoid delusions and SZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

theory 2 cause of SZ: family dysfunction

A

double bind
BATES 72’
child gets mixed signals and “cant do anything right”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

theory 2: double bind
IMPACT AND SYMPTOM

A

confusion
eg: more independant but overbearing
PARANOID DELUSIONS AND SZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

theory 3 cause of SZ: family dysfunction

A

expressed emotion
high levels of emotion towards child eg: critisism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

impact of expressed emotion

A

explains relapse of SZ patient
eg: from psychiatric ward back home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

strength of family dysfunction theory

A

read et al 05’ reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and SZ
69% women 59% men w SZ experienced abuse
RESEARCH SUPPORT FAMILY DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH SZ LEVELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

weakness of family dysfunction theory

A

even with evidence, none that supports traditional views
CANT ACCOUNT FOR LINK BETWEEN TRAUMA AND SZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

weakness of family dysfunction theory 2

A

research linking FD to SZ is socially sensitive and leads to parent blaming ( specifically mothers )
PRODUCES HARM AND HIGHLIGHTS WHETHER WE SHOULD KEEP RESEARCHING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

weakness of family dysfunction theory 3

A

doesnt account for nature factors ( biological )
cultural and social influences eg: poverty
ignores individual differences between patients

39
Q

explanation SZ two: cognitive dysfunction
define

A

the study of how people think and process information, explaining SZ through dysfunction in cognitive processing.

40
Q

theory one within cognitive dysfunction

A

Dysfunctional thought processing
cognitive beliefs that cause someone to evaluate info inappropriately and produce neg consequences
eg: reduced thought processing in ventral striatum- negative symptoms

41
Q

theory two cognitive dysfunction

A

metarepresentation
cognitive ability to reflect on own thoughts and behaviours
dysfunction affects ability to recognise thoughts as our own
leads to hallucinations and delusions

42
Q

theory three cognitive dysfunction

A

central control dysfunction
ability to suppress automatic responses whilst performing deliberate actions
dysfunction leads to inability to suppress these thoughts
LEADS TO SPEECH POV AND DERAILMENT OF THOUGHTS

43
Q

strength of cognitive dysfunction

A

stirling 06’ investigated performance of people with SZ and control group using stroop
SZ took 2x longer to read ink colour
RESEARCH SUPPORT THAT CC IN SZ ARE IMPAIRED

44
Q

weakness of cognitive dysfunction

A

do cognitive dysfunctions cause SZ or vice versa
cant establish cause and effect, we can only make inferences which means our understanding of SZ decreases

45
Q

weakness 2 of cognitive dysfunction

A

reductionist
- no cognitive factors/ biological
- oversimplistic
- validity decrease

46
Q

whats the biological explanation

A

emphasises the role of inherited factors and dysfunction of brain activity in development of SZ

47
Q

genetic explanation within biological

A

focusses on family studies, SZ increases in line with genetic similarity to someone with SZ

48
Q

gottesman study and results

A

1991- conducted a large family study and found high concordance rates in MZ ( 48% ) in comparison to DZ (17%)

49
Q

what does gottesmans study suggest

A

as genes have a role, we should identify candidate genes
around 108 genes involved, making SZ polygenic

50
Q

what does gottesmans study suggest

A

as genes have a role, we should identify candidate genes
around 108 genes involved, making SZ polygenic

51
Q

whats the neural explanation of SZ

A

brain structure/ function related to cause of SZ
eg: the abnormality of ventral stratum is linked to avolition

52
Q

what is the original hypotheses theory

A

SZ caused by high levels of dopamine in sub cortex areas of brain eg: excess of dopamine from sc and broca which may cause speech poverty

53
Q

whats the revised hypotheses

A

SZ caused by too low of dopamine im cortex area eg: low in prefrontal explains cognitive issues

54
Q

strength of genetic explanation

A

research support, gottesman and tienari adoption found children w SZ parents are still at high risk if adopted in family w no history
LINK OF GENES TO SZ

55
Q

strength of neural explanation

A

drugs developed based on original hypotheses. dopamine agonists inc dopamine and made SZ worse; antipsychotic dec levels of DA and levels dec of symptoms
LINK TO NEURAL AND SZ

56
Q

weakness of neural

A

arguments contradicting
noll (2009) argues antispychotic drugs dont alleviate hallucinations in ab 1/3 of people. Also, in some people, hallucinations are present despite levels of dopamine being normal.
DOPAMINE DOESNT AFFECT SZ AND DRUG ARE INEFFECTIVE IN SOME

57
Q

weakness two of neural explanation

A

weakness of evidence
studies are useful in determining parts of brain that may not be working, however this kind of evidence doesn’t prove that the activity in the brain causes symptom
CANT ESTABLISH CAUSE AND EFFECT

58
Q

whats token economy

A

a form of behavioural modification where desirable behaviours are encouraged using selective reinforcement

59
Q

how does token economy work

A

patients are given tokens for every desirable behaviour immediately to condition the behaviour
they can later swap this for rewards ( operant conditioning )

60
Q

how are token and rewards named

A

rewards- primary
tokens- secondary

61
Q

strength of token economy

A

research and support showing effectiveness.
researchers identified 7 high qual studies that showed token economy reduced symptoms and inc desirables
suggests TE is effective and improves QOL
allows us to focus on real symptoms instead of developed ones

62
Q

weakness 1 of token economy ( ES )

A

ethical issues raised.
gives professionals power to control behaviour, also takes away freedom. legal action from families have been taken which contributes to the decline
suggests TE dehumanises and the negative outweigh the pos, raises the question?

63
Q

weakness 2 of token economy

A

alternatives that are more beneficial
for example, art therapy suggested by NICE may be good alternative
doesnt carry ethical issues
other approaches better chance of treating, te will decline

64
Q

weakness 3 of token economy

A

lack of ability to further on outside
difficult to maintain because behaviours cant be monitored as close and arent given to patients immediately
MAY RESULT IN RELAPSE and may only be effective in hospital

65
Q

what are the two psychological treatments to SZ

A

CBT and family therapy

66
Q

whats CBT

A

recognises examples of dysfunctional thinking and advices on how to avoid acting on these

67
Q

what thoughts does CBT alter

A

general beliefs
self image
methods of coping

68
Q

what does CBT aim to do

A

rationalise thoughts
normalise thoughts
reduce confusion, stress and shame

69
Q

strength of CBT within SZ

A

Jahuar reviewed 34 studies of CBT and SZ
found cbt had small but significant effect on reducing pos and neg symptoms
research report, QOL inc, go back to work, economy

70
Q

weakness of CBT

A

requires motivation
can be lengthy, has high drop out rates as pps need to be willing to engage eg: homework
may not be effective if symptom of avolition

71
Q

family therapy strength

A

review of studies found it was one of the most consistent effective treatments
reduced symptoms by 50-60%
effective and dec relapse rates

72
Q

strength of family therapy

A

benefits whole family
strengthens ability to support and therefore improves QOL

73
Q

weakness of both family therapy and CBT

A

doesnt cure, however the do improve
treatment may need to be LT which is hard to do

74
Q

what are the two biological treatments of SZ

A

typical and atypical antipsychotics

75
Q

what hypotheses does the typical relate to

A

original as it follows hyperdominergia

76
Q

what does the typical antipsychotic do

A

reduces and blocks dopamine
reduces positive symptoms and has calming effect

77
Q

side effect of typical antipsychotics

A

involuntary movement eg: tardive dyskinesia

78
Q

what theory does the atypical antipsychotic follow

A

revised dopamine hypotheses as it follows hypodominergia ( too little dopamin )

79
Q

why was atypical made and what does it do

A

to improve effectiveness and sympt
temporarily blocks receptors in only brain ( to red symp)
acts on both dopamine and seratonin

80
Q

side effects with atypical

A

still neuroleptic malignant affected, may result in coma or death

81
Q

what do drugs reduce

A

the reuptake of neurotransmitters by blocking receptors binding to them

82
Q

strength of biological treatment

A

thornley meta analysed 1000 patients and found chlorpromazine was associated with better functioning and reduced symptoms
compared to placebo
SHOWS THEY ARE EFFECTIVE

83
Q

weakness 1 of biological treatments

A

side effects eg: NMC
may lead to a decreased quality of life which means more time off work etc
should be prescribed w caution

84
Q

weakness 2 of biological treatments

A

ethical issues raised
pps w severe conditions may not give consent to having the drug prescribed
therefore raises the question of whether we should prescribe at all

85
Q

weakness 3 of biological treatments

A

therapies more efficient
no side effecrs and take more of an interactionist approach
ALTERNATIVES

86
Q

whats the interactionist approach also known as ?

A

biosocial model

87
Q

define diathesis

A

caused by underlying vulnerability ( diathesis ) and a stress trigger

88
Q

whats the diathesis stress model

A

diathesis - genetic, result of schizogene
stress- childhood and adolescence

89
Q

whats the modern understanding

A

diathesis- many genes increase genetic vulnerability and SZ can be a result of psychological trauma

90
Q

strength of interactionist approach within schizophrenia

A

tarrier allocated 315 pps to medication and cbt or only meds
found cbt and meds showed less symptoms
clear practical advantage to adopting IA

91
Q

strength 2 of IA

A

tienari studied 19000 finish adoptees whose bio mothers had SZ
they found adoptive parents with high level of critisism along w bio mothers had SZ
shows combination of genetic vulnerability and stress can lead to inc in risk of Sz, supports IA

92
Q

strength 3 of IA

A

clear evidence to show that env factors also inc SZ
eg: the fact that concordance rates in MZ twins was not 100% suggests other factors
genetic factors alone cant explain, IA is worth adopting

93
Q

weakness of IA

A

original diathesis model portrayed diathesis and single gene and stress being schizophrenogenic parenting
studies show multiple causes for both
original model too simplistic and didnt take evidence to support modern

a level pyschology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions