SCHIZOPHRENIA

Question 1

define schizophrenia

Answer 1

a mental disorder which affects thoughts and emotions to the point they loose touch of reality
- affects 1% of population between 15-35
- most common psychotic disorder

Question 2

positive symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 2

addition to normal life
1. hallucinations
2. delusions

Question 3

negative symptoms

Answer 3

atypical experiences that represent loss of function
1. avolition- lack of activity levels
2. speech poverty

Question 4

ICD-10

Answer 4

created by world health organisation
used across world
recognises subtypes
2+ negatives

Question 5

DSM-10

Answer 5

american psychiatric association
USA only
previous subtypes removed since DSM 1
1+ positive symptom

Question 6

validity in schizophrenia

Answer 6

the extent to which schizophrenia is accurately classified as a unique syndrome with symptoms

Question 7

whats criterion validity

Answer 7

evaluates accuracy a test measures

Question 8

whats system overlap

Answer 8

symptom overlap considers overlap in symptom of disorders
lowers validity of diagnosis of a unique syndrome with own characteristics.
increases chance of misdiagnosis

Question 9

whats co morbidity

Answer 9

the extent to which 2 or more conditions occur together and common in patients eg: depression

Question 10

rosenhan aim

Answer 10

how well can psychiatrists distinguish real schizophrenia from 8 pseudo patients who gained admission in 12 hospitals by 1 fake symptom

Question 11

procedure 1

Answer 11

8 pseudo patients ( 2W, 5M )
they arrived at 12 hospitals around 5 states in USA
symptom: hearing voices ( empty hollow and thud )
after admission, patients acted normal and acted as if they wanted to leave
- no medication swallowed
- recorded doctors answers
- no further symptoms

Question 12

results from procedure 1

Answer 12

all were admitted, average stay was 19 days
range between 7-52
released with diagnosis of schizophrenia
30% of cases- real patients made comments that fake patients was fine

Question 13

procedure 2

Answer 13

nurses and doctors made aware that these pseudo patients would come back in 3 months
doctors had to rate likability that patients were fake

Question 14

results from procedure 2

Answer 14

41/193 were rated fake
all were real

Question 15

3 strengths of rosenhan study

Answer 15

hospitals vary- generalised findings
design was simple, patients were asked to be themselves
replicated and reliable

Question 16

weakness of rosenhan

Answer 16

symptom was valid, therefore results may be less suprisijg

Question 17

how does rosenhans findings link to a lack in validity of diagnosis

Answer 17

lacks validity as sz was applied inappropriately.
the studies findings emphasise how professionals could not tell the difference between sane and insane individuals, questioning reliability and validity of psychiatric labels

Question 18

cultural bias within validity of classification and diagnosis of sz

Answer 18

African Americans and english people of afro carribean origin are several times likelier to be diagnosed with sz
HOWEVER
rates of sz arent high therefore diagnosis is a result of cultural bias

Question 19

extra note of cultural bias example within diagnosis of SZ

Answer 19

positive symptoms may be accepted in African cultures due to cultural beliefs ( eg communication with ancestors ) and not be viewed as SZ

Question 20

Escobar 2012 study

Answer 20

white psychiatrist may over interpret symptoms of black people during diagnosis due to cultural differences and mannerisms

Question 21

gender bias within diagnosis of SZ study

Answer 21

290 psychiatrists were shown cases of patient behaviours
males 56% diagnosed
females 20%

Question 22

issues with low validity

Answer 22

misdiagnosis- mistreatment- worsen symptoms- QOL- economy worsens

Question 23

Serper et al 1999 study

Answer 23

assessed patients with co- morbid SZ and cocaine abuse, j ca and j sz
they found despite symptom overlap it was possible to make accurate diagnosis
INC VALIDITY AND QOL

Question 24

Ketter 2005 study

Answer 24

points out that misdiagnosis due to symptom overlap can lead to years of delay in receiving relevant treatment, during which time suffering and further degeneration can occur
QOL DEC people endure years of suffering

Question 25

symptom overlap substance abuse, SZ and PTSD

Answer 25

around half of patients with diagnosis of sz also have diagnosis of depression (50%) as well as substance abuse ( 47% ).
PTSD also occured in 29% of cases and OCD 23%