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a level pyschology > RELATIONSHIPS > Flashcards

RELATIONSHIPS Flashcards

1
Q

define evolution

A

each thing has a set of characteristics which is encoded by genes, the offspring receives this during reproduction
therefore the variation between organisms is the difference in genotypes

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2
Q

3 main steps in evolution

A

to live to reproductive age
to mate successfully
to ensure offspring survival

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3
Q

whats natural selection

A

the ability to survive in a specific environment

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4
Q

whats sexual selection

A

the ability to attract and reproduce, the attributes and behaviours that inc reproductivity are passed onto future generations

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5
Q

whats anisogamy

A

the difference between male and female cells
male- continuous and cheap
f- produce in intervals and limited for no of years+ expensive
female is rare- 2 mating strategies

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6
Q

whats inter sexual selection and whats the female preference

A

selection of mates between sexes eg: strategies female use to attract
female- quality over quantity as they want the best for their offspring

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7
Q

what is the male preference within inter sexual selection

A

reproductive success, they aim to reproduce a lot and usually go for a large hip to waist ratio which reflects ability to reproduce

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8
Q

whats the impact of inter sexual selection

A

females become more choosy as they want the best for their offspring ( sexy sons hypothesis )

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9
Q

whats intra sexual selection

A

the selection of mates within sexes eg: males compete with other males for female access

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10
Q

what do males go for within intra sexual selection

A

quantity, they want to compete for female access as sperm is plentiful “ the winners “ pass on traits

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11
Q

whats the impact of intra sexual selection

A

dimorphism, males have exaggerated characteristics to become attractive however a weakness of this is that it also attracts predators

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12
Q

strength of evolutionary explanation

A

review of lonley hearts study found males go for young women and males go for professional and wealthy
SUPPORTS EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

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13
Q

strength 2 of evolutionary explanation

A

a study was completed where students were i asked ‘ i find you attractive, would you go to bed w me’
0% women
75% males
supports f is choosy and m have evolved a strategy to reproduce

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14
Q

weakness of evolutionary explanation

A

buss claims sexual selection theory is too simplistic as it states different strategies used for different sexes

buss suggests the same strategy is used when looking for long term partners

SUGGESTS OVER SIMPLISTIC AND PROPOSES A MORE COMPLEX THEORY WHICH CONSIDERS CONTEXT

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15
Q

weakness 2 of evolutionary theory

A

partner preferences have been influenced by changing social norms and culture
eg: contraception, changing workplace roles
partner preference no longer resource orientated
EE DOESN’T CONSIDER CULTURE BOTH, limited

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16
Q

define physical attraction

A

assumes we seek to form relationships with most attractive

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17
Q

whats the evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

attraction is result of sexual evolution, using attractions as a symbol of genetic fitness

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18
Q

what was the study of evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

Shackleford: found people w symmetrical faces attractive. Baby face features eg: big eyes, small nose to represent caring feauture

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19
Q

strength of evolutionary explanation within physical attractiveness

A

research support
found women w big eyes and large nose were rated as attracted across white, asian and hispanic
features consistent across cultures

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20
Q

whats the halo effect within physical attractiveness

A

people who are seen as attractive are seen in a positive light

Dion found people who were kind sociable and successful were attractive when compared to others

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21
Q

strength of halo effect

A

research support.
found attractive politically education and competent.
supports theory but raises the question of if we chose politics based of suitability or attractiveness

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22
Q

whats the matching hypothesis

A

we look for partners that are on a similar level of attractiveness to what we think of ourselves

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23
Q

strength of matching

A

feingold research support
meta analysed 17 studies of rl couples and found correlation between partners attractiveness, supports

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24
Q

weakness of matching hypothesis

A

walsters computer dance
students invited and matched up w partners
secretly judged by panel
during intervals and 4-6m later partners were asked if they wanted a second date and if they found partner attractive.
found higher appreciation of partners than themselves

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25
Q

define self disclosure

A

revealing personal information and true self to partner, even dark secrets to become more intimate due to more disclosure

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26
Q

whats the social penetration theory

A

the sp theory suggests we gradually reveals emotion.
reciprocal sharing of experiences. people develop a greater understanding of each other and trust increases

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27
Q

who suggests the onion metaphor and what is it

A

altman and taylor
self disclosure is a process of removing layers

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28
Q

whats breadth and depth

A

breadth is the outer layer of self disclosure, the low level risk information
depth is the deep information, which increases self disclosure

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29
Q

whats reciprocity within self disclosure

A

shaver stated for a relationship to develop, there needs to be reciprocity
a balance in sp inc intimacy

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30
Q

whats depenetration

A

dissatisfied partners share less until disengaged

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31
Q

strength of self disclosure

A

research support
strong correlation between satisfication and sd, men and women who use sd and reciprocity were more committed. supports
however only correlation

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32
Q

strength 2 of self disclosure

A

in depth research .
57% homosexual men and women rely on sd as maintenance, couples w less communication are enc to use .
supports and in depth

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33
Q

weakness of self disclosure

A

cultural variations.
people in us sd more than china and there is no difference in satisfaction.
sd may be accurate in individualistic not collectivist

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34
Q

weakness 2 self disclosure

A

contradicting research .
sp claims sd is associated with higher satisfaction however when a relationship breaks, partners disclose more and often, but this doesn’t save the relationship.
contradicts theory

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35
Q

whats the filter theory

A

an explanation of attraction that states a series of factors that limit the range of desirables

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36
Q

who compared attitudes between long term and short term relationships in student couples

A

kerchoff and davis

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37
Q

1st filter- social demography

A

influence chance of meeting
eg: age, location
anyone too different gets filtered
meaningful encounters w those physically close

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38
Q

2nd filter- similarity

A

share basic beliefs for couples less than 18 months
promotes communication and growth

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39
Q

3rd filter- complimentary

A

similarity replaced, opposites attract, partner balances traits w opposite
eg: one can cook, one cant

40
Q

strength of filter

A

research support, couples completed questionnaire on similarity of attitudes and complimentary of needs. complimentary of needs in lt and similarity in st, supports

41
Q

weakness of filter theory

A

original findings not replicated. this could be due to social changes and assumptions that partners over 18m must be more committed. reduces validity

42
Q

weakness 2 of filter

A

research contradict
2013( modern ) found lesbians in a long term relationship were more satisfied when equal in relationship eg; both can cook. similarity associated w lt in some

43
Q

weakness 3 of filter

A

actual similarity linked to brief interactions
perceived more important
some suggest perceive similarity as they grow more attracted to each-other.
PS MAY BE AN EFFECT OF ATTRACTION NOT CAUSE
this isnt predicted by filter theory

44
Q

whats the social exchange theory

A

suggests relationships can be explained through economics- an exch of goods
THIABUT AND KELLEY 1959

45
Q

explain rewards and costs within social exchange

A

costs- rewards= satisfaction
minimax theory
profitable relationships continue
benefits: friendship, emotion supp
negative: time money arguing

46
Q

whats the first stage within social exchange

A

sampling
- exploring rewards and costs

47
Q

whats the second stage within social exchange

A

bargaining
- negotiating costs and rewards

48
Q

whats the third stage within social exchange

A

committment
- relationship becomes stable due to costs decreasing and rewards increasing

49
Q

whats the fourth stage within social exchange

A

institutionalisation
norms are established
costs and rewards don’t fluctuate as relationship is locked in and extremely stable

50
Q

whats committment level?

A

a judgement of what level of rewards we deserve based on level of self esteem
high se- high CL
low- low CL

51
Q

whats CL alternative

A

cl alternative is where we analyse if being with another or breaking off our relationship would lead to a more rewarding situation
THEREFORE WE STAY WITH PARTNERS IF WE TRULY BELIEVE NO OTHER SITUATION COULD BE MORE REWARDING

52
Q

one strength of social exchange theory

A

research support. interviewed homosexual and heterosexual couples ,they perceive they had rewards and few costs if committed. alternatives were also said to be unattractive. supports and findings are generalised to all types of couples

53
Q

one weakness within social exchange

A

studies into SET ignore equity, which suggests fairness over balance, therefore SET is limited and cant account for important equity research.

54
Q

weakness 2 within social exchange

A

SET claims we become dissatisfied if we perceive costs outweigh rewards. it has been argued that costs follow dissatisfaction. cant establish cause and effect as it is only a relationship, direction may be opposite

55
Q

weakness 3 within social exchange

A

costs and rewards hard to define as they may change over time due to social norms. CL and CLAlt are unclear as they do not state what leads to dissatisfaction. SET hard to test as we cant operationalise due to these issues.

56
Q

whats equity

A

equity is where people strive to achieve fairness over balance, through inputs and outputs

57
Q

equity is not…

A

EQUALITY
the theory suggests its not the amount of rewards and costs but the ratio of the two

58
Q

whats inequity

A

if inequity is perceived, dissatisfaction will inc
eg: one putting in more effort than another

59
Q

what do we do to resolve inequity

A

behavioural changes
- more/ less effort
cognitive changes
- change demands

60
Q

strength of equity theory

A

research support. utne surveyed 118 married couples (16-45), relationship that were equitable were more satisfied . supports theory, high ext validity

61
Q

weakness of equity

A

research contradicts . equity doesn’t inc over time as theory suggests, they didn’t find a difference within ended and carried on relationships. SD more important . dec validity

62
Q

weakness 2 of equity

A

cultural differences . individualistic equitable however collectivist preferred over benefiting. doesnt apply universally, therefore is ethnocentric

63
Q

weakness 3 equity

A

individual differences . some people happy to contribute more and “ entitles “ like to over benefit. reduces validity as not universal and cant be applied to all ( equity theory suggested everyone desires equity )

64
Q

whats rusbults investment model

A

suggests committment depends on
- satisfaction
- alternatives
- investment

65
Q

what does rusbults model look like

A

3 factors- com level- stay or leave

66
Q

whats an intrinsic investment

A

something we put into the relationship
eg: time, money, effort

67
Q

whats an extrinsic investment

A

the shared things that may be lost if the relationship ends
eg: memories, house, children

68
Q

whats a maintenance behaviour

A

communication behaviors used to ensure the continuation of valued relationships
eg: forgiveness, promotion

69
Q

strength 1 of rusbults

A

rusbult asked students in heterosexual relstionships to complete questionnaire over 7 months and found committed = more satisfaction, lower investment and lower alternatives. supports 3 factors

70
Q

strength 2 rusbults

A

le agnew meta analysed and found 3 factors predicted committment and length of relationship in both genders, cultures and sexualities

71
Q

strength 3 of rusbults

A

study of abused women staying in shelter found those who reported high investment and low alternatives would go back due to high committment level

72
Q

weakness of rusbults

A

may be more to invest than resources eg: early relationship partners make dec investment but invest in future plans which inc committment. original model limited.

73
Q

what does ducks phase model suggest

A

the ending of a relationship is a long process that takes time

74
Q

whats the first stage within ducks phase model

A

intra- psychic
one partner is dissatisfied but doesnt discuss

75
Q

threshold of intra psychic stage

A

“ i cant stand this anymore “

76
Q

whats the second stage within ducks phase model

A

dyadic
they discuss dissatisfaction

77
Q

threshold in dyadic stage

A

“ i would be justified in leaving “

78
Q

whats the third stage in ducks phase mode

A

social phase
seek support from friends, they may choose sides
relationship has ended

79
Q

threshold of social phase

A

“ i mean it “

80
Q

whats the last stage of ducks phase model and the first threshold

A

grave dressing stage
suitable story to put you in a positive light
“ its inevitable “

81
Q

second threshold of grave dressing stage

A

“ time to get a new life “

82
Q

strength of ducks phase

A

real world application, repair strategies may be effective in some stages eg: communication in dyadic. model provides rw insights

83
Q

weakness of ducks phase

A

cultural differences, based on breakdown in individualistic cultures where relationships are voluntary, not collectivistic eg: arranged. ethnocentric and hard to generalise

84
Q

weakness 2 of ducks phase

A

rollie and duck added resurrection in which ex partners apply this relationship to future relationships. doesn’t consider complexity of breakdown

85
Q

weakness 3 ducks phase

A

limited detail. ducks model describes breakdowns but not why they occur. model may be improved using other theories.

86
Q

whats an example of dimorphism to talk about

A

the peacocks tail

87
Q

name 3 differences between male gametes and female gametes

A
  • sperm is small and highly mobile
  • female gametes require energy, males dont
  • ova is produced in intervals for a limited no of years, sperm continuously
88
Q

sd within virtual

A

sd happens at different rates in virtual relationships due to 2 factors
reduced cues theory
hyperpersonal model

89
Q

whats the reduced cues theory

A

virtual relationships less effective due to lack of nonverbal cues ( eg: physical appearance, facial expressions)
lack of cues lead to deinviduation
people feel freer from contraints of social norms and leads to blunt communication and reluctance to self disclosure

90
Q

hyperpersonal

A

suggests sd happens quicker in virtual relationships, therefore the relationship develops

sender has control of how they present themself

anonymity can help disclose

91
Q

define absence of gating

A

in real life ohr attraction to others may be influenced by appearance, manners however in virtual, these barriers are absent

92
Q

whats a parasocial relationship

A

one sided with a celebrity/ important person in society

93
Q

who found levels of parasocial

A

giles and maltby

94
Q

name 3 stages of parasocial relationship

A

entertainment
intense personal
borderline pathological

95
Q

whats the absorption addiction model

A

mccutcheon
absorb- seeking fulfillment
addiction- a psychological addiction, needs to ind dose to gain satisfaction

a level pyschology (18 decks)

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