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a level pyschology > APPROACHES > Flashcards

APPROACHES Flashcards

1
Q

define psychology

A

the scientific study of the humans minds and functions, especially those affecting behaviour in a given context

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2
Q

what did wilhelm wunt do?

A

created the first empirical research by breaking down behaviours into basic elements.
he called this approach structuralism

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3
Q

define wilhelm wundts ‘introspection’

A

his first attempt to study the structure of the human mind, he asked participants to reflect their own thoughts in detail and describe them

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4
Q

strength of wilhelms wundts ‘introspection’

A

the high control
controlled extraneous variables
controlled environment. therefore, research can be considered a forerunner into later approaches in psychology

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5
Q

weakness of wilhelms wundts ‘introspection’

A

relies on pps to self report their mental processes. produces subjective data
therefore
wouldn’t meet scientific criteria as its difficult to establish laws of behaviour

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6
Q

define a ‘science’

A

a thing that discovers general laws that allow us to predict outcomes
uses systematic and objective measures

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7
Q

5 steps to achieve conclusion

A

1- ask a question
2- state a hypothesis
3. conduct experiment
4. analyse results
5. come to conclusion

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8
Q

psychology goals
hint* DEPC

A

D- description, what occurred?
E- explain, why did it occur?
P- predict, identify conditions
C- change, psychology knowledge to prevent unwanted behaviour

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9
Q

define ‘the behaviourist approach’

A

a way of explaining behaviour in terms of whats observable and in terms of learning

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10
Q

name 4 assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A
  1. everyones born as a blank state
  2. everything we learn is through conditioning
  3. focus on observable behaviour that can be scientifically measured
  4. animals have same principals of learning
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11
Q

whats classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when 2 stimuli become associated together

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12
Q

define operant conditioning

A

behaviour learnt through consequences of our behaviour through reinforcement and punishment

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13
Q

name the 3 types of operant conditioning

A

positive reinforcement- more likely to behave this way to gain reward
negative reinforcement- more likely to display behaviour to avoid negative consequence
punishment- behaviour less likely to occur to avoid punishment

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14
Q

what was pavlovs dog study

A
  • unconditioned stimuli was the dog food, caused drool
  • a bell was then introduced as neutral stimuli, associated w food
  • by the end, the dog was conditioned to drool when hearing the bell due to the association with the food
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15
Q

what does pavlovs dog experiment an example of

A

classical conditioning

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16
Q

what was skinners box study

A

every time the rat presses the lever its rewarded with food.
therefore the rat is positively reinforced to press the lever as it receives the reward and continues this behaviour

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17
Q

what does skinners box study show

A

operant conditioning

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18
Q

who created the ‘little albert’ study

A

watson and rayner

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19
Q

explain watsons and rayners study with little albert

A

showed phobias could be learned.
little albert associated the loud sound with a rat that was placed with him
this then spread to rabbits and cotton wool.
supports the idea that behaviour can be learnt through association

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20
Q

define the social learning theory

A

way of explaining behaviour that occurs through observation and imitation of others behaviour

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21
Q

2 assumptions of the social learning theory

A
  • all behaviour is learnt through experience
  • behaviour is more likely to occur when a role model performes the behaviour
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22
Q

name the 4 mediational processes
ARMM

A
  1. attention- seeing behaviour
  2. retention- remembering it
  3. motor reproduction- ability
  4. motivation- reason to perform behaviour
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23
Q

define the identification within social learning theory

A

role models, more likely to imitate the role models. this is called modelling
2 ways of modelling
1. observer imitates
2. produces behaviour
role model doesnt need to be present

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24
Q

whats vicarious reinforcement

A

when the frequency of certain behaviors increases as a result of observing others rewarded for the same behaviors

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25
Q

what happened in banduras bobo doll experiment

A
  • 36 boys and 36 girls watched adult behaving aggressively towards a bobo doll
  • children who saw aggression imitated
    same sex influenced
    experimental design- IG
    children who saw reward were more aggressive
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26
Q

strength 1 of social learning theory

A

considers cognitive factors in learning, behaviourist approach does not.
therefore, the slt can provide a more complete explanation

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27
Q

strength 2 of SLT

A

it can explain how children learn from others+ the media, explaining how cultural normalities are formed.
therefore, can help us understand children’s behaviour such as social roles

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28
Q

weakness 1 of SLT

A

in the bobo doll, boys were more aggressive than girls which cannot be explained by SLT.
therefore, bandura may have not considered other factors eg: biological like testerone levels

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29
Q

weakness 2 of SLT

A

banduras ideas were formed by observing behaviour in a lab, increasing demand characteristics
therefore the research may tell us little about how children learn aggression, reducing validity

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30
Q

define the cognitive approach

A

the approach that emphasizes the study of mental processes such as thinking, perception, attention, and memory.

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31
Q

name 2 assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

internal mental processes should be studied scientifically
the workings of the human mind and a computer are the same

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32
Q

define a ‘schema’

A

a mental framework of beliefs and expectations that are developed from experience. they help take shortcuts in thinking and may influence cognitive processing

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33
Q

name a similarity between human and computer models

A

the central processer ( brain ) changes info into a code and uses ‘stores’ to hold information like a computer

34
Q

whats cognitive neuroscience

A

a scientific study of biological structures that help explain mental processes
- which part of the brain are involved in which role

35
Q

strength 1 of cognitive approach

A

uses scientific measures therefore has high control, the study has been established by a credible base

36
Q

strength 2 of cognitive approach

A

dominance in psychology has helped develop therapies such as cbt therapy, helped society

37
Q

weakness 1 of cognitive approach

A

human emotion aren’t considered within computers, therefore, this suggests the cognitive approach oversimplifies and ignores other factors
machine reductionist?

38
Q

weakness 2 of cognitive approach

A

cognitive psychologists are only able to infer mental processes from artificial tasks.
therefore, they can be seen as unrealistic and lack external validity

39
Q

define inference

A

making a conclusion about how mental processes operate on observed behaviours

40
Q

disadvantage of schemas

A

may lead to misrepresentation due to stereotypes

41
Q

define the psychodynamic approach

A

different forces ( usually unconscious ) that operate on the mind and direct behaviour

42
Q

4 assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • personality is made up of 3 parts
  • unconscious activity is key to behaviour
  • we have instincts which motivate behaviour
  • childhood experiences impact adult personality
43
Q

whats the role of unconscious in the psychodynamic approach

A

to hold our instincts, drives and fears etc
its key to determine how we behave

44
Q

name and define the 3 defence mechanisms in psychodynamic approach

A

denial- not acknowledging
repression- mind blocks negative thoughts/ impulses
displacement- placing feelings onto substitute target

45
Q

3 features of the ID

A
  • driven by the pleasure principale
  • the source of our unconscious desires
  • instinctual, developed first
46
Q

3 features of the ego

A
  • driven by the reality principal
  • conscious
  • finds a compromise between id and the superego
  • acts as the inner adult due to it being logical
47
Q

3 features of the superego

A
  • driven by the morality principal
  • thats wrong part of the personality
  • conscience given by parents
48
Q

weakness 1 of the psychodynamic approach

A

doesnt meet scientific criteria, cannot be tested with empirical methods as it focusses on the unconscious
therefore, reduced validity and potentially seen as a pseudoscience

49
Q

weakness 2 of psychodynamic approach

A

suggests behaviour is determined by unconscious which we have no choice in.
feuds views show psychic determinism were too extreme

50
Q

first stage of the psychosexual stages

A

oral stage
age 0-1
pleasure focus- mouth
if fixated may lead to smoking or drinking

51
Q

second stage of the psychosexual stages

A

anal stage 1-3
going to the toilet , lead by praisals
if fixated, could lead to explosive personality or OCD

52
Q

third stage of the psychosexual stages

A

phallic
age 3-5
unconscious desire for opposite sex
jealous of same sex
ends up imitating same sex
if fixated, could lead to envy or vanity

53
Q

4th stage in psychosexual stages

A

latency
age 6- puberty
impulses repressed, calm period
if fixated, could lead to difficulty expressing emotion

54
Q

final stage of psychosexual stages

A

genital
adult
libio re emerges and intimate relationships are formed

55
Q

define the ‘biological approach’

A

the study of the biology of behaviour
focusses on nervous system, hormones and genes
examines relationship between the mind and the body

56
Q

4 assumptions of the biological approach

A

psychology is a science and should be studied scientifically
everything psychological is at first biological
behaviour has a neurochemical and genetic base
animals can be compared to us

57
Q

define concordance ratea

A

extent to which twins share the same genes

58
Q

scientific words for identical and non identical twins

A

monozygotic- identical
dizygotic- non

59
Q

is there a higher concordance rates in identical or non

A

identical

60
Q

whats the difference between genotypes and phenotypes

A

genotypes are the genes possessed, the phenotypes are how the genes are expressed, they are influenced by the environment unlike genotypes which are not

61
Q

whats the genetic base of behaviour

A

behaviour is inherited the same way physical traits are, we must look at biological structures to analyse human behaviour eg: genes, hormones

62
Q

whats the role of evolution

A

genetic behaviour that enhances survival and reproduction are advantageous
the genes are adaptive and will be passed to offspring

63
Q

strength 1 of the biological approach

A

the approach uses scientific methods
reliable data, good validity

64
Q

strength 2 of biological approach

A

increased understanding of the biochemical process has led to drugs been developed to treat mental illnesses
sufferers can live semi normal lives
helps the worlds economy

65
Q

weakness 1 of biological

A

approach is biological deterministic , due to its seen behaviour is governed by internal biological causes, which we cant control
may have a wider implication on the world eg: criminals have an excuse

66
Q

weakness 2 of biological

A

cannot establish cause and effect. role of the neurotransmitter in mental illnesses comes from studies which show reducing neurotransmitters reduces the disorder.
cannot prove causation, only correlation

67
Q

define the humanistic approach

A

the approach seed humans as affected by external and internal influences but have free will

68
Q

4 assumptions of the humanistic approach

A
  • humans have free will ( personal agency )
  • all individuals are unique and have an innate drive to achieve maximum potential
  • psychology should study the individual
  • we can only understand behaviour by studying humans
69
Q

who were the 2 main people within the humanistic approach

A

carl rogers and maslow

70
Q

what did rogers say were our 2 basic needs

A
  • positive self regard from others
  • a feeling of self worth
71
Q

define congruence

A

occurs when the ideal self and the self are in line with one another. the greater the state of congruence the higher our self worth

72
Q

sentences of ‘conditions of love’

A

childhood lack of unconditional positive regard
a parent who sets boundaries of love can cause psychological issues

73
Q

whats client centred therapy

A

a therapy which should provide
- genuineness
- empathy
- unconditional positive regard

74
Q

2 aims of client centred therapy

A
  1. increase self worth
  2. reduce incongruence between self and ideal self
75
Q

strength 1 of humanistic

A

holistic
should look at the subjective experience of the whole person and their experiences.
-higher validity as it considers every aspect

76
Q

strength 2 of humanistic

A

humanists have been praised for having a positive view and they see people in control of their lives and freedom to change
therefore, the view is refreshing and optimistic, different from the rest

77
Q

weakness 1 of the humanistic approach

A

many humanistic views would be more associated with individualistic ( focus on self ) and may not apply to collectivists ( group ) which emphasises the needs of the groups
therefore
- may not apply universally
- may only apply to culture it was created in

78
Q

weakness 2 of humanistic

A

hard to test in a scientific way as its main focus is on feelings

79
Q

define maslows heirarchy of needs

A

maslow believed we are born with the desire to grow create and love
we aim to reach self actualisation
but we must reach our key needs first

80
Q

name the 2 types of models within cognitive approach

A
  • computer models
  • theoretical models ( MSM )

a level pyschology (16 decks)

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