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a level pyschology > ISSUES AND DEBATES > Flashcards

ISSUES AND DEBATES Flashcards

1
Q

define cultural bias

A

a tendency to ignore cultural differences

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2
Q

define universality

A

the conclusion drawn, applies to all
*research may be bias despite claims, this undermines psychologies wants to universality needs

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3
Q

define ethnocentrisism

A

judging cultures by own values, see themselves as ‘superior’

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4
Q

define cultural relativism

A

behaviour should be judged by the culture in context

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5
Q

whats the difference between emic and etic

A

emic applies to all, however etic applies to one and therefore increases its ecological validity

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6
Q

first example of cultural bias

A

ainsworths strange situation
100 white female mothers and infants
based on western cultures
meta analysis disproved etic eg germany higher insecure avoidant

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7
Q

example 2 of cultural bias

A

psychopathology
deviation from ideal mental health based on individualistic cultures

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8
Q

how does measuring intelligence lead to dicrimination

A

intelligence tests often show ethnocentric concepts and imposed etic which may lead to ethic stereotyping and discrimination

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9
Q

whats the chilting test

A

a mental test suited for african americans
other cultures usually perform poorly

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10
Q

define gender bias

A

a distorted view of behaviour based on gender, this may lead to misunderstanding of gender etc

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11
Q

define andocentrisism

A

male centred view where ‘normal’ behaviour is judged by male standard

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12
Q

alpha bias

A

exaggerates differences between male and female
research focusses on differences

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13
Q

3 ways gender bias can occur

A
  • male/female only
  • emphasising biological differences
  • assuming m/f behaviour as standard ( beta bias )
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14
Q

issues with gender bias research

A
  • misunderstanding gender
  • discrimination due to negative stereotypes
  • minimisation of differences that may need to be acknowledged eg: mental illness
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15
Q

first real life example of gender bias and why?

A

APPROACHES: FREUDS STAGES
- ideas are based off males POV
eg: penis envy, idea that women are upset with their gender
- negative stereotypes: employment

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16
Q

second real life example with gender bias

A

asch, milgram zimbardo SOCIAL INF
- all male used, yet results applied universally
- ignores m/f differences, results not applicable

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17
Q

4 ways to reduce gender bias

A
  1. re examine facts
  2. ensure differences researched
  3. more female researchers
  4. less biological determinism
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18
Q

define free will

A

free will doesn’t deny biological and environmental forces, it suggests that you can reject these forces and make your own decision

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19
Q

define determinism

A

behaviour always has a cause, whether thats by hard or soft determinism

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20
Q

difference between hard and soft determinism

A

hard suggests all behaviours are caused and can all be identified.
focusses on fatalism
soft agrees behaviour can be predicted, but there is room for free will

21
Q

types of determinism

A

biological
environmental
psychic

22
Q

whats the scientific emphasis on causal explanations

A

every event has a cause that can be explained using general laws
lab experiment enables researchers to remove confounding variables

23
Q

environment

A

any influence on behaviour that isnt affected by genetics

24
Q

heredity

A

genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics, from 1 generation to next

25
Q

interactionist approach

A

interaction of biological and psychological factors and how they influence behaviour

26
Q

nature

A

behaviour is genetical and we are born with innate qualities

27
Q

nurture

A

environmental influences, personal experiences affect behaviour

28
Q

epigenetics

A

change in genetic activity without change of genetic codes
lifestyle eg: smoking leave marks on DNA - witching genes on and off
lifelong and passed onto future gens

29
Q

whats the difficulty with twin studies

A

they share 100% of genes ( nature ), however most are brought up the same therefore hard to distinguish difference

30
Q

3 examples of nature vs nurture

A
  1. forensic - offenders born or upbringing criminals?
  2. schizophrenia- genes or stress in family
  3. innate drive SOMAGIC
    learning theory nurture
31
Q

define hollism

A

a theory that proposes we study whole system, rather than its constituent parts
GESTAIT PSYCHOLOGY

32
Q

example of hollism

A

humanistic approach
- unique people, individuals

33
Q

define reductionism

A

belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller parts

34
Q

whats the 3 layers we focus on in hollism and reductionism

A

sociological- cultures
psychological- cognitions
biological- genes

35
Q

define idiographic

A

argues we should study 1 person, in detail, to give us a better understanding

36
Q

pps in idiographic

A

small sample- sometimes case studies
non generalised

37
Q

research method within idiographic

A

qualitative data so psychologists can determine best practise

38
Q

is idiographic objective or subjective and why

A

subjective because it focuses on understanding the unique aspects of individuals

39
Q

define nomothetic

A

studies larger groups to identify norms, which can then be applied to all

40
Q

pps in nomathetic

A

large groups, applicable

41
Q

research methods in nomathetic

A

quantative

42
Q

is nomothetic objective or subjective and why?

A

objective, this is because it focuses on identifying general laws or principles that apply to large groups of people

43
Q

name examples of idiographic and nomathetic

A

i- humanistic and psychodynamic
n- biological and behavioural

44
Q

define content analysis

A

a type of observational research that allows indirect study of behaviour by examining communications eg: texts

45
Q

whats the aim of content analysis

A

aims to describe communications through a systematic way so overall conclusion can be drawn

46
Q

whats coding?

A

coding is the initial stage of content analysis, converting large sample into meaningful codes

47
Q

5 steps of coding within content analysis

A
  1. gather sample
  2. familiarise
  3. code categories
  4. tally
  5. compare and draw conc
48
Q

3 steps of thematic

A
  1. identify key ideas
  2. group into themes
  3. compare results

a level pyschology (17 decks)

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