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a level pyschology > ATTACHMENTS > Flashcards

ATTACHMENTS Flashcards

1
Q

whats attachment

A

a close two way bond between 2 individuals in which an individual sees the other as essential for emotional security

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2
Q

why do we form attachments

A

to form bonds with adults who will protect and nurture
this is because babies are born at an early development stage

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3
Q

what are short and long term benefits when forming attachments

A

short- survival
long- template for future relationships

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4
Q

whats reciprocity

A

caregiver- infant interaction where they respond to signals and cause a response from eachother

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5
Q

whats an alert phase

A

when babies signal they are ready for interaction eg: eye contact

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6
Q

how often do mothers react to alert phases

A

Feldman and Eidelman 2007
mothers respond 2/3 of the time although this varies due to external factors

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7
Q

whats active involvement

A

babies and caregivers can initiate interactions and take this in turns. usually described as a ‘dance’

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8
Q

whats interactional synchrony

A

caregiver and baby reflect actions and emotions at the same time, mirroring each other

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9
Q

CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
meltzoff and moore

A

aimed to investigate the age at which imitation occurs in a child.
They videotaped 6-21-day-old babies
found synchrony begins as young as 2 weeks

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10
Q

what did isabelle study in caregiver and infant interactions

A

observed 30 babies for quality of attachment
high levels of synchrony associated with a better attachment

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11
Q

who is the father

A

anyone who takes on the role of the male caregiver, could be biological or not
schaffer and emerson-
3% of fathers PCG
27% JOINT PCG

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12
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did grossman do 2002

A

longitudinal study
attachment from babies to teens
mothers was related fathers not
quality of play was related
more play, better quality

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13
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
father as primary caregiver

A

fathers can take on more of an emotional role as pc
we see behaviours eg: smiling ( reciprocity )imitating ( IS ) as seen in fields study

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14
Q

ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did field do ?

A

4 month old babies with: PCG FATHERS, PCG MOTHERS , SCG FATHERS
pcg father held hands, giggled and smiled more, have potential to be emotionally focussed

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15
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson key study AIM

A

to observe stages of attachment, longitudinal study

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16
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson
PROCEDURE

A

60 babies
family working class in glasgow
asked mothers ab separation anxiety, used to test attachment

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17
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
ASOCIAL

A

First Few Weeks
attachment to humans and non eg: teddies
babies prefer with humans that are familiar

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18
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
indiscriminate

A

2-7 months
shows more observable behaviours
clear preference to people
accept comfort from anyone
separation and stranger anx

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19
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
specific

A

7 months
attachment towards 1 person
reciprocation
65% the mother

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20
Q

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
multiple

A

10-11 months
shows att to multiple ( primary and secondary )

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21
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ
AIM

A

to test imprinting
do animals really imprint on first thing they see

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22
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
procedure

A

split goose eggs into experimental and control
control- mother, pond
experiment- lorenz, incubator

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23
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
FINDINGS

A

experiment followed lorenz
control followed mother
geese imprinted on first living

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24
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
CONCLUSION

A

birds imprint on first living
followed and picked up behaviours
developed sexual imprinting on same species in future

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25
Q

define imprinting

A

an innate readiness to form a close attachment with first living thing, picking up behaviours too

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26
Q

define ‘innate’

A

a biological drive that is with us from birth

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27
Q

define ‘innate’

A

a biological drive that is with us from birth

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28
Q

whats a critical period

A

time where the imprinting must take place
if attachment doesnt, it never will
Hess said 12-17 hours after hatch

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29
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
aim

A

to study affects of maternal deprivation and isolation
food vs comfort in animals

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30
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
procedure

A

16 baby rhesus monkeys
seperated from mothers into cages with 2 surrogate mums
recorded time spent with each

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31
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
what were the 2 conditions

A

C1: wire dispensed milk
C2: cloth dispensed milk

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32
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
findings

A

22 hours on cloth
monkeys found comfort from cloth when scared and explored with toys when near cloth ( secure base )

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33
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
conclusion

A

monkeys with surrogate mothers were more timid and experienced mating troubles
comfort over food

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34
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
define ‘contact comfort’

A

boduly comfort
more important than food when developing an attachment

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35
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
define maternal deprivation

A

no attachment formed

36
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
whats the critical period in monkeys?

A

90 days
if less, effects can be reversed where attachments can formed

37
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
follow up study

A

isolated monkeys from birth with no contact at all.
monkeys then: rocked, were aggressive

38
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
difference between privation and deprivation

A

privation- att. never formed
deprivation- att. broken

39
Q

ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
whats courtship behaviour

A

birds who imprinted on humans showed courtship behaviour ( this is where they showed mating behaviour to things that arent other geese )

40
Q

ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ
case study of sexual imprinting

A

1952
peacock raised in reptile house
first living- tortoise
only showed courtship behaviour to tortoises when adult

41
Q

EXPLANATIONS OF ATT. LEARNING THEORY
classical conditioning

A

baby forms association between food and feeling of being fed
food( US) - pleasure ( UR )
etc
CONSISTENT PAIRING

42
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY
operant conditioning

A

crying causes caregiver to resp
( pos reinforcement for baby )
comfort causes crying to stop
( negative reinforcement 4 CG)
combination of these reinforcements strengthens attachment

43
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY
define drive reduction

A

hunger is primary drive as its an innate biological drive to eat.
attachment- secondary drive
as caregiver provides food, the primary drive gets generalised to the caregiver

44
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
what was his overall idea

A

he saw humans like animals , that we have an innate drive ti form attachments which gives us an adaptive advantage.
att is evolved to be protected

45
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
what is bowlby’s synchronym

A

SO
M
A
G
I
C

46
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
SO

A

innate ‘cute’ characteristics which encourages attention
eg: smiling, giggling
getting caregiver to reciprocate, forming attachment

47
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
M

A

monotropy
one special attachment w pcg
figure is a secure base

48
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
whats the law of continuity

A

more constance of care, the stronger the attachment
less separation the better

49
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
A

A

adaptive
attachments give babies adaptive advantage to help them survive
eg: food, water

50
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
G

A

good quality care
must be responsive

51
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
I

A

internal working model
infant forms schema through monotropic attachment
acts as a blueprint for future relationships

52
Q

EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
C

A

critical period
0-2.5 years in humans
if att is broken in this period, baby will be damaged

53
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
participants

A

100 middle class American infants and mothers

54
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
what were they measuring?

A

stranger anx
seperation anx
reunion behaviour
exploratory behaviour

55
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
stages

A
  1. baby enc to explore
  2. stranger enters and approaches
  3. caregiver leaves
  4. returns, stranger leaves
  5. caregiver leaves bby alone
  6. stranger returns
  7. stranger leaves
56
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
what were the 3 categories

A

secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant

57
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
percentage of secure and explain

A

70%
happy to explore, needed to see
some stranger and sep
requires and accepts comfort

58
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
percentage of IA and explain

A

15%
explores with no seek
little to no seperation and stranger
avoids contact at reunion

59
Q

AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
I.R percentage and explanation

A

15%
explores less, near secure base
large stranger and seperation
holds a grudge, resists comfort

60
Q

CULTURAL VARIATIONS
van ljeendoorn and kroonenberg
procedure

A

looked at 32 studies of attachment that used ainsworths SS
studies then meta analysed

61
Q

CULTURAL VARIATIONS
van ljzeendoorn and kroonenberg
findings

A

secure attachment most common in all
germany- highest I.A
china- 25% I.A and I.R
israel and japan- high I.R

62
Q

CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Simonelli - procedure

A

looked into 76 babies in the SS in italy

63
Q

CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Simonelli Findings

A

50% secure, 36% I.A 14% I.R
higher rate of I.A compared to other research
this is because more mothers are working and using childcare

64
Q

CULTURAL VARIATIONS
JIN

A

used 87 korean babies in the strange situation to test attachment type
secure- most common
1 insecure avoidant
many insecure resistant

65
Q

BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
define maternal deprivation

A

long term separation from primary attachment and lose of emotional care

66
Q

BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
affect 1 of maternal dep 🧠

A

delayed intellectual development
characterised by low IQ
this is supported by adoptive studies eg: rutter

67
Q

BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
affect 2

A

emotional development
may develop attachment psychopathy
inability to feel guilt and strong emotions

68
Q

BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
44 thieves procedure

A

44 criminal thieves and interviewed for att psychopathy
families interviewed
sample compared to 44 emotionally disturbed

69
Q

BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
44 thieves findings

A

2/44- experienced MD
5/30- experienced seperation
12/14- MD affected
14/44 - AP

70
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
define

A

effects of living in an institutional space for a long period of time eg: orphanages

71
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
RUTTERS PROCEDURE

A

followed 165 orphans
adopted by people in UK
part of english romanian adoptive
development assessed at 4.6.11.15

72
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
rutters aim

A

can good care make up for earlier experiences

73
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
control group in rutters study

A

52 ful uk adoptees

74
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
rutters findings

A

showed delayed intelligence and malnourishment
those adopted before 6 months were able to catch up by 4 years old

75
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
Zeanah study 2005

A

assessed 95 romanian children aged 12-31 months who spend lives in institutions
compared to control
measured through SS
74% control were secure compared to 19% in institution

76
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
first affect of institutionalisation ( emotional )

A

disinhibited attachment
clinginess and att seeking
due to multiple caregivers

77
Q

INSTITUTIONALISATION
affect 2 ( intellectual)

A

IQ lower, struggles at school

78
Q

EARLY ATT ON LATER
how did ainsworths attachment categories find later romantic relationships

A

secure- loving and seek healthy relationships
I.A- emotionally distant, uninvolved
I.R - controlling and argumentative

79
Q

early attachment on later
kerns

A

babies with secure attachments form best friendships
I.A and I.R would have difficulties

80
Q

early attachment on later
myron and smith

A

assessed link between bullying and att type
secure- uninvolved
I.A- victim
I.R - bully

81
Q

early attachment on later
hazen and shaver
procedure

A

620 responses to love quiz in newspaper
- current relations
- past
- att type

82
Q

early attachment on later
hazen and shaver
findings

A

56% Secure in long lasting
25% I.A jealous, fear of intimacy
19%- overthink

83
Q

early attachment on later
whats the study that shows attachment type carries on from parent to parent

A

Bailey looked at attention of 99 mothers on their babies to their own mothers
majority had same attachment, measured through strange situation

84
Q

whats prolonged pairing

A

the association between mother and pleasure over and over until it becomes an association

85
Q

early attachment and later
mccarthys produre and findings

A

40 women who were assessed as infants in the strange situation
secure- best relationships
i.a- avoided romantic relationships
i.r- maintaining friendship

a level pyschology (17 decks)

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