ATTACHMENTS Flashcards
whats attachment
a close two way bond between 2 individuals in which an individual sees the other as essential for emotional security
why do we form attachments
to form bonds with adults who will protect and nurture
this is because babies are born at an early development stage
what are short and long term benefits when forming attachments
short- survival
long- template for future relationships
whats reciprocity
caregiver- infant interaction where they respond to signals and cause a response from eachother
whats an alert phase
when babies signal they are ready for interaction eg: eye contact
how often do mothers react to alert phases
Feldman and Eidelman 2007
mothers respond 2/3 of the time although this varies due to external factors
whats active involvement
babies and caregivers can initiate interactions and take this in turns. usually described as a ‘dance’
whats interactional synchrony
caregiver and baby reflect actions and emotions at the same time, mirroring each other
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS
meltzoff and moore
aimed to investigate the age at which imitation occurs in a child.
They videotaped 6-21-day-old babies
found synchrony begins as young as 2 weeks
what did isabelle study in caregiver and infant interactions
observed 30 babies for quality of attachment
high levels of synchrony associated with a better attachment
who is the father
anyone who takes on the role of the male caregiver, could be biological or not
schaffer and emerson-
3% of fathers PCG
27% JOINT PCG
ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did grossman do 2002
longitudinal study
attachment from babies to teens
mothers was related fathers not
quality of play was related
more play, better quality
ROLE OF THE FATHER
father as primary caregiver
fathers can take on more of an emotional role as pc
we see behaviours eg: smiling ( reciprocity )imitating ( IS ) as seen in fields study
ROLE OF THE FATHER
what did field do ?
4 month old babies with: PCG FATHERS, PCG MOTHERS , SCG FATHERS
pcg father held hands, giggled and smiled more, have potential to be emotionally focussed
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson key study AIM
to observe stages of attachment, longitudinal study
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
schaffer and emerson
PROCEDURE
60 babies
family working class in glasgow
asked mothers ab separation anxiety, used to test attachment
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
ASOCIAL
First Few Weeks
attachment to humans and non eg: teddies
babies prefer with humans that are familiar
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
indiscriminate
2-7 months
shows more observable behaviours
clear preference to people
accept comfort from anyone
separation and stranger anx
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
specific
7 months
attachment towards 1 person
reciprocation
65% the mother
STAGES OF ATTACHMENT
multiple
10-11 months
shows att to multiple ( primary and secondary )
ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ
AIM
to test imprinting
do animals really imprint on first thing they see
ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
procedure
split goose eggs into experimental and control
control- mother, pond
experiment- lorenz, incubator
ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
FINDINGS
experiment followed lorenz
control followed mother
geese imprinted on first living
ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
CONCLUSION
birds imprint on first living
followed and picked up behaviours
developed sexual imprinting on same species in future
define imprinting
an innate readiness to form a close attachment with first living thing, picking up behaviours too
define ‘innate’
a biological drive that is with us from birth
define ‘innate’
a biological drive that is with us from birth
whats a critical period
time where the imprinting must take place
if attachment doesnt, it never will
Hess said 12-17 hours after hatch
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
aim
to study affects of maternal deprivation and isolation
food vs comfort in animals
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
procedure
16 baby rhesus monkeys
seperated from mothers into cages with 2 surrogate mums
recorded time spent with each
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
what were the 2 conditions
C1: wire dispensed milk
C2: cloth dispensed milk
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
findings
22 hours on cloth
monkeys found comfort from cloth when scared and explored with toys when near cloth ( secure base )
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
conclusion
monkeys with surrogate mothers were more timid and experienced mating troubles
comfort over food
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
define ‘contact comfort’
boduly comfort
more important than food when developing an attachment
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
define maternal deprivation
no attachment formed
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
whats the critical period in monkeys?
90 days
if less, effects can be reversed where attachments can formed
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
follow up study
isolated monkeys from birth with no contact at all.
monkeys then: rocked, were aggressive
ANIMAL STUDIES- HARLOW
difference between privation and deprivation
privation- att. never formed
deprivation- att. broken
ANIMAL STUDY- LORENZ
whats courtship behaviour
birds who imprinted on humans showed courtship behaviour ( this is where they showed mating behaviour to things that arent other geese )
ANIMAL STUDIES- LORENZ
case study of sexual imprinting
1952
peacock raised in reptile house
first living- tortoise
only showed courtship behaviour to tortoises when adult
EXPLANATIONS OF ATT. LEARNING THEORY
classical conditioning
baby forms association between food and feeling of being fed
food( US) - pleasure ( UR )
etc
CONSISTENT PAIRING
EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY
operant conditioning
crying causes caregiver to resp
( pos reinforcement for baby )
comfort causes crying to stop
( negative reinforcement 4 CG)
combination of these reinforcements strengthens attachment
EXPLANATION OF ATT. THE LEARNING THEORY
define drive reduction
hunger is primary drive as its an innate biological drive to eat.
attachment- secondary drive
as caregiver provides food, the primary drive gets generalised to the caregiver
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
what was his overall idea
he saw humans like animals , that we have an innate drive ti form attachments which gives us an adaptive advantage.
att is evolved to be protected
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
what is bowlby’s synchronym
SO
M
A
G
I
C
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
SO
innate ‘cute’ characteristics which encourages attention
eg: smiling, giggling
getting caregiver to reciprocate, forming attachment
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
M
monotropy
one special attachment w pcg
figure is a secure base
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
whats the law of continuity
more constance of care, the stronger the attachment
less separation the better
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
A
adaptive
attachments give babies adaptive advantage to help them survive
eg: food, water
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
G
good quality care
must be responsive
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
I
internal working model
infant forms schema through monotropic attachment
acts as a blueprint for future relationships
EXPLANATION OF ATT. BOWLBY
C
critical period
0-2.5 years in humans
if att is broken in this period, baby will be damaged
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
participants
100 middle class American infants and mothers
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
what were they measuring?
stranger anx
seperation anx
reunion behaviour
exploratory behaviour
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
stages
- baby enc to explore
- stranger enters and approaches
- caregiver leaves
- returns, stranger leaves
- caregiver leaves bby alone
- stranger returns
- stranger leaves
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
what were the 3 categories
secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
percentage of secure and explain
70%
happy to explore, needed to see
some stranger and sep
requires and accepts comfort
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
percentage of IA and explain
15%
explores with no seek
little to no seperation and stranger
avoids contact at reunion
AINSWORTH’S STRANGE SITUATION
I.R percentage and explanation
15%
explores less, near secure base
large stranger and seperation
holds a grudge, resists comfort
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
van ljeendoorn and kroonenberg
procedure
looked at 32 studies of attachment that used ainsworths SS
studies then meta analysed
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
van ljzeendoorn and kroonenberg
findings
secure attachment most common in all
germany- highest I.A
china- 25% I.A and I.R
israel and japan- high I.R
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Simonelli - procedure
looked into 76 babies in the SS in italy
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Simonelli Findings
50% secure, 36% I.A 14% I.R
higher rate of I.A compared to other research
this is because more mothers are working and using childcare
CULTURAL VARIATIONS
JIN
used 87 korean babies in the strange situation to test attachment type
secure- most common
1 insecure avoidant
many insecure resistant
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
define maternal deprivation
long term separation from primary attachment and lose of emotional care
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
affect 1 of maternal dep 🧠
delayed intellectual development
characterised by low IQ
this is supported by adoptive studies eg: rutter
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
affect 2
emotional development
may develop attachment psychopathy
inability to feel guilt and strong emotions
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
44 thieves procedure
44 criminal thieves and interviewed for att psychopathy
families interviewed
sample compared to 44 emotionally disturbed
BOWLBYS MATERNAL DEPRIVATION
44 thieves findings
2/44- experienced MD
5/30- experienced seperation
12/14- MD affected
14/44 - AP
INSTITUTIONALISATION
define
effects of living in an institutional space for a long period of time eg: orphanages
INSTITUTIONALISATION
RUTTERS PROCEDURE
followed 165 orphans
adopted by people in UK
part of english romanian adoptive
development assessed at 4.6.11.15
INSTITUTIONALISATION
rutters aim
can good care make up for earlier experiences
INSTITUTIONALISATION
control group in rutters study
52 ful uk adoptees
INSTITUTIONALISATION
rutters findings
showed delayed intelligence and malnourishment
those adopted before 6 months were able to catch up by 4 years old
INSTITUTIONALISATION
Zeanah study 2005
assessed 95 romanian children aged 12-31 months who spend lives in institutions
compared to control
measured through SS
74% control were secure compared to 19% in institution
INSTITUTIONALISATION
first affect of institutionalisation ( emotional )
disinhibited attachment
clinginess and att seeking
due to multiple caregivers
INSTITUTIONALISATION
affect 2 ( intellectual)
IQ lower, struggles at school
EARLY ATT ON LATER
how did ainsworths attachment categories find later romantic relationships
secure- loving and seek healthy relationships
I.A- emotionally distant, uninvolved
I.R - controlling and argumentative
early attachment on later
kerns
babies with secure attachments form best friendships
I.A and I.R would have difficulties
early attachment on later
myron and smith
assessed link between bullying and att type
secure- uninvolved
I.A- victim
I.R - bully
early attachment on later
hazen and shaver
procedure
620 responses to love quiz in newspaper
- current relations
- past
- att type
early attachment on later
hazen and shaver
findings
56% Secure in long lasting
25% I.A jealous, fear of intimacy
19%- overthink
early attachment on later
whats the study that shows attachment type carries on from parent to parent
Bailey looked at attention of 99 mothers on their babies to their own mothers
majority had same attachment, measured through strange situation
whats prolonged pairing
the association between mother and pleasure over and over until it becomes an association
early attachment and later
mccarthys produre and findings
40 women who were assessed as infants in the strange situation
secure- best relationships
i.a- avoided romantic relationships
i.r- maintaining friendship
