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a level pyschology > PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

define psychopathology

A

the study of mental disorders in terms of their causes, development and treatment

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2
Q

define statistical infrequency

A

a persons thinking, trait, behaviour is classified as abnormal if its statistically unusual

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3
Q

example of statistical infrequency

A

IQ less than 70 or higher than 120

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4
Q

define deviation of social norms

A

behaviour that is different from accepted standards of behaviour in a community

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5
Q

define failure to function adequately

A

inability to cope with everyday life

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6
Q

symptoms of FTF

A
  • personal distress
  • behave in an irrational way
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7
Q

define deviation from ideal mental health

A

thinking about what makes someone normal and psychological healthy and identifying anyone who deviates from this

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8
Q

who created the criteria for ideal mental health

A

JAHODA

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9
Q

whats a phobia

A

characterised by excessive fear and and anxiety triggered by a place. The extent of fear is out of proportion to any real danger

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10
Q

name 3 emotional characteristics of phobias

A

anxiety
fear
unreasonable

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11
Q

3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

panic
avoidance
endurance

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12
Q

3 cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention
irrational beliefs
cognitive disortions

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13
Q

whats cognitive disortions

A

the perception of a person with a phobia may be inaccurate

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14
Q

how do we relate the behavioural approach to phobias

A

the approach emphasises the role of learning in the development of behaviours
therefore, suggests the phobias are learnt

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15
Q

whats the two process model

A

suggests phobias are learnt through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning ( specifically negative reinforcement )

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16
Q

how is negative reinforcement related to maintaining phobias

A
  • person avoids stimulus
  • results in desirable consequence
  • makes behaviour more likely
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17
Q

whats systematic desensitisation

A

behavioural therapy based on classical conditioning and aims to replace fear with a relaxed response

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18
Q

what are the 3 phases of systematic desensitization

A
  • patient taught deep muscle relaxation
  • patient creates fear hierarchy
  • works their way up the F
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19
Q

how many sessions does SD need and what is the difference between vitro and vivo

A

4-6 sessions ( can be more )
therapy is complete when goals are met ( agreed by both )
vitro- imagined exposure
vivo- actual exposure

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20
Q

whats flooding therapy

A

exposing patient directly to phobia with the aim of exposing them for so long in a controlled and safe environment

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21
Q

what are the 2 things flooding does

A
  • extinguishes fear
  • creates new association between phobic stimulus and something positive
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22
Q

define depression

A

depression is a mood affective disorder, mental and behavioural experiences which is severe and damaging to everyday functioning

23
Q

whats the DSM- 5

A

recognises categories of depression and depressive disorders

24
Q

3 emotional characteristics of depression

A

lowered mood
anger
lowered self - esteem

25
Q

3 behavioural characteristics of depression

A

activity levels
sleep/ eating disruption
agression/ self harm

26
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration
dwelling on the negative
absolutist thinking

27
Q

explain the cognitive approach relating to depression

A

the cognitive explanation if depression focusses on our mental processes eg: thoughts and attention. and how this affects our behaviour

28
Q

what are the two explanations of depression

A

BECKS TRIAD
ELLIS’ ABC MODEL

29
Q

define faulty information processing within depression

A
  • ignores positives in their lives
  • blow small problems out of proportion
  • cognitive biases bc they constantly see themselves as worthless
30
Q

define a negative self scheme within depression

A

a negative self schema means they interpret all info negatively

31
Q

name the negative triad

A

negative view of world, self and future

32
Q

what did ellis’ suggest explained depression

A

irrational thoughts would interfere with happiness and cause unhappiness

33
Q

ABC stand for in explaining depression

A

Activating Event ( trigger 🧠 )
Beliefs ( thoughts associated )
Consequence ( believing the things )

34
Q

what are the two treatments to depression

A

Becks cognitive
Ellis’ REBT

35
Q

whats CBT

A

a therapy which assists clients to identify irrational thoughts
once identified, the therapist helps change them

36
Q

name two key facts of CBT therapy

A
  • clients get homework to record positive events, can be used in sessions to challenge negative
  • this then allows therapist to confront client with evidence to show them the thought is irrational
37
Q

whats REBT?

A

identify and challenge irrational thoughts, extending Ellis’ “ABC” to “ABCDE”
D- dispute
E- effect

38
Q

what are the two arguments a therapist may use in the REBT therapy

A

empirical- is there evidence to support this irrational belief
logical- does the negative thought follow the fact

39
Q

what is the goal of REBT therapy?

A

to gradually decrease patients avoidance and isolation.
Increase their engagement in activities, which may increase mood

40
Q

Define OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder
characterised by experiencing persistent and intrusive thoughts
which occur as obsessions compulsions, or both.

41
Q

whats the difference between obsessions and compulsions

A

obsessions are the cognitive, intrusive thoughts
compulsions are the behaviours carries out due to the intrusive thoughts

42
Q

what are the two things the DSM- 5 recognise in OCD

A

excoriation- skin picking
trichotillomania- hair picking

43
Q

3 emotional characteristics of OCD

A

extreme anxiety
guilt
depression

44
Q

2 behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

compulsions and avoidance

45
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
cognitive coping strategies
awareness of excessive anxiety

46
Q

what are the 4 factors of the OCD cycle

A

obsessive thought- anxiety- compulsive behaviour- temporary relief

47
Q

how does the biological approach explain OCD

A

focusses on genetics and how neural explanations account for OCD

48
Q

define neural explanations within OCD

A

based on the idea that physical and psychological characteristics are determined by the nervous system

49
Q

whats our main focus within the brain on neural explanations

A

frontal lobe- thinking, memory

50
Q

how does brain structure explain OCD

A

OCD is sometimes associated with impaired decision making, which links to the frontal lobe of the brain.

51
Q

how does brain chemistry explain OCD

A

The neurotransmitter serotonin which regulates mood has been linked to OCD
If someone has low serotonin levels, then the usual transmission of mood related information doesn’t take place and the person makes experience low moods

52
Q

what are the specific genes that create vunerability for OCD

A

candidate genes

53
Q

OCD isnt caused by one gene therefore its ….

A

polygenic

a level pyschology (12 decks)

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