MEMORY Flashcards
define memory
the process in which we retain information about events in the past
millers capacity study for short term memory
millers magic number
pictures and recall
found we can recall 7+-2
REMEMBER 5 WORDS BY CHUNKING
jacobs digit span
pps had to repeat letters and digits in same order as provided, the mean recalled 9 digits and 7 letters
capacity of stm memory is 5-9 items
duration stm study
peterson and peterson
24 pps recall 3 syllables eg: TGH
presented 1 at a time in intervals of 3,6,9,12,15,18
during interval pps asked to count back in 3’s
STM limited duration of 18s
duration ltm study
bahrick
us graduates showed high sch yb
90% matched names and faces (14 years)
60% recalled after 47 years
UNLIMITED
coding study
baddley gave the 4 pps groups 10 words
as,ad,ss and sd
mistakes made with as straight after learning
mistakes w semantic 20 mins after
STM- accoustic LTM- semantic
who made the multi store memory model and what does it suggest
ATKINSON AND SHIFFRIN
memory made up of three seperate stores linked by processing
sensory register
stores info for 5 senses
capacity is huge
duration is tiny
episodic memory
LTM store for events eg: last birthday
‘time stamped’
conscious effort to recall
semantic memory
LTM for knowledge
contains lots of info
less vunerable to forgetting
deliberately recalled
procedural memory
knowledge on how to do things
hard to explain
unconscious recall
role of central executive
supervisory role
monitors incoming data, allocates slave systems to tasks
limited capacity
phonological loop
deals with auditory info
capacity around 2 secs
phonological store- inner ear
articulatory process- inner voice
allows maintenance rehearsal
visuospatial sketchpad
stores visual info
3-4 object capacity
visual cache- stores visual
inner scribe- records arrangements of objects
episodic buffer
added in 2000
temporary store
4 chunk capacity
links STM to LTM
whats interference
when one memory disturbs ability to recall another, may result in forgetting
proactive
old affects new
retroactive
new affects old
effects of similarity study
pps learnt 10 words until 100%
learnt new list ( 1 of 6 )
synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, consonant , 3 digit, no new
similiar material produced worst recall
retrieval failure definition
form of forgetting when we dont have necessary cues
cue
a trigger that allows us to access a memory
encoding specificity principal
greater similiarity between making memory and recall, increases chance of recall
context dependant forgetting
external cues eg: weather
state dependant
internal cue: mood
CONTEXT DEPENDANT
baddley and godden 1975
studied deep sea divers
learnt on land or water
recalled on land or water
different - 40% lower recall
STATE DEPENDANT
carter and cassady 1998
gave drug to pps to create a differed internal state
pps learnt list of words and recalled ( 4 conditions)
different recall worse
false memories
research found no correlation between how sure and memory being true
LOFTUS AND PALMER PROCEDURE
45 americans from washington uni
7 films of traffic accidents were presented to each group in random order
pps asked after ab speed
LOFTUS AND PALMER FINDINGS
contacted- 31.8
hit- 34
bumped-38.1
collided- 39.3
smashed- 40.8
GABBERT PROCEDURE
paired pps
watched vid of same crime, filmed in a way which each pp saw different elements
both discussed after before recall test
GABBERT FINDINGS
71% mistakenly recalled aspects they didnt see , due to post event discussion
define anxiety
state of emotional/ physical arousal causing feelings of worry
anxiety negative impact on recall study procedure
JOHNSON AND SCOTT
pps in waiting room, heard argument next room
LA- pen and grease man
HA- knife and blood
asked to identify man from 50 images
anxiety negative impact on recall study findings
LA- 49% identified
HA- 33% identified
TUNNEL THEORY OF MEMORY ARGUES ATT ON WEAPON AS ITS THE SOURCE OF DANGER
anxiety positive on recall procedure
Yuille and Cutshall
pps interviewed 4 months after real life gun shop owner shot thief dead
rated stress level
anxiety positive on recall findings
little change in testimonies
some details less accurate eg: age
high levels of stress most accurate
contradicting info to yuille and cutshall
Yerkes- Dodson law
parabola
optimal level of arousal and performance but too much can affect performance negatively
3 negatives of standard interview
- leading q’s possibility
- time limited
- fixed question
whats the cognitive interview
police technique which encourages witness’ to recreate original context to increase recall
4 stages of cognitive
- REPORT EVERYTHING
- REINSTATEMENT OF CONTEXT
- CHANGE ORDER
- CHANGE PERSPECTIVE
whats included in enhanced interview
needs to know when to establish eye contact
speak slow
open ended q’s
