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PSYCH A LEVEL > SCHIZOPHRENIA > Flashcards

SCHIZOPHRENIA Flashcards

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1
Q

Pyschological explanations of schizo 2 theories

A

Family dysfunction and cognitive explanations

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2
Q

Family dysfunction PE

A
  • schizophrenogenic mother
  • double bind
  • expressed emotion
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3
Q

Schizophrenogenic mother

A

FrommReichmann based on accounts of her patients from childhood. Mother is cold, rejecting and controlling and tendes to create tension and secrecy. Leads to distrust later on developing paranoid delusions.

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4
Q

Double bind

A

Emphasises role of communication. Fear doijg wrong thing but recurve mixed nessafes and cant seek clarification. When child get something wrong they are punished by withdrawal of love. Leaving them confused disorgsnised thinking and paranoid delusions. Risk factor

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5
Q

Expressed emotion

A

EE is levek if emotion expressed towards person by carers.
- verbal critisism
-hostility
-overinvolvement
Explanation for relapse but can trugger onset of schizo

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6
Q

Cognitive explanations

A
  • dysfunctional thinking
  • metarepresentation dysfunction
  • central control dysfunction
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7
Q

Dsyfunctional thinking ventral striatum

A

Reduced thought processing in thr ventral striatum is accociated with negative symptoms

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8
Q

Dysfunctional thinking temprial and cingulate gyri

A

Reducest proccesing in temporal and cingulate gyri is assocaitrd with hallucinations

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9
Q

Metarepresentation dysfunction

A

Frith - cognitive ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviour. Insoght into own intentions and goals and others. Dysfunction would disrupt out ability to recognise out own actions and thoughts as being carried out by ourselves rather than somone else.

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10
Q

Central control dysfunction

A

Frith - issues with cognitive ability to suppress automatic responses while we performe delivrate actions. Speech poverty and thought disorder could result from the inability to suppress automatic thoughts and speech triggered by other thoughts.

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11
Q

What % of people does it affect

A

1%

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12
Q

When do symtoms start

A

15-45 most likely in men

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13
Q

Definition if schizo

A

Break from reality positive symptoms hallucinations and delusions negative symptoms avolition and speedh poverty

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14
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of purposeful, no energy and lack of sociability

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15
Q

Butzlaff and hooley PE

A

shower using meta analysis of 27 studies that relapse into schizo is more likely in familys with issues of exoressed emotion

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16
Q

Tienari PE

A

Studies biological children of schziophrenic mothers who had been adopted , fourn that 5.8% of adopted in healthy families developed schizo compared to 36.8% of children raised in dysfunctional families.

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17
Q

Firth evidence for cognitive explanations

A

30 schizo patients with various symptoms had PET scans. These scand showed reduction in blood flow in the frontal cortex with patienst with negative symptoms. Increase in blood flow in temporal love with patients with reality disortion

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18
Q

Stirling central conttol AO3

A

Stroop test on 30 patients with schzio and controls. Patients with schizo took twice as long ti name colour as controls due to dysfunctional thought processing

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19
Q

halluncinations

A

unusual sendory experiences

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20
Q

delusions

A

irrational beleifs

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21
Q

speech poverty

A

reduction in quality and amount of speech

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22
Q

avolition

A

loss of motivation. Lack of hygience, persistence and energy.

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23
Q

Ripke

A

108 seperate genetic variations associated with risk of schizo

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24
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

high levels of dopamine in subcortical areas of the brain lead to positive symptoms and low levels lead to negative symptoms.

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25
Q

read PE

A

69% of women and 59% of men have experienced physical or sexual abuse in childhood

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26
Q

typical drugs

A

used since 1950s work as dopamine antagonists and include chlorpromazine.

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27
Q

antipsychotics

A

drugs to reduce intensity of symptoms of psychotic disorders

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28
Q

atypical drugs

A

target a range of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and seretonin eg clozapine and riperidone

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29
Q

chlorpromazine

A

dopamine antagonist. Reduces action of dopamine through blocking dopamine receptors in synpases of brain.Reduces positive symptoms.

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30
Q

clozapine

A

acts on seretonin and dopamine. Improves mood reducing deprssion and anxiety. Good as 30-50% of schizos commit suicide.

31
Q

risperidone

A

less side effects than clozapine. Binds more strongly to dopamine receptors than cloazpine so more effective.

32
Q

Thornley

A

reveiwed studies comparing effects of chlorpromazine to controls. More effective than placebo.

33
Q

meltzer

A

clozapine is more effetive than typical antipsychotics and other atypicl

34
Q

side effects typical

A

dizziness, sleepiness and weight gain

35
Q

CBT

A

used to treat people with schizo aims to deal with both thoughts and behaviour

36
Q

how CBT helps

A

make sense of their irrational cognitions and how it impacts their behaviour improves their ability to function.

37
Q

family therapy

A

aims to improve quality of communication and interaction between members of family

38
Q

pharoah

A

identified strategies that family therpaists use to try to improve functioning of a family that has a member with schizo. Reduce negative emotions and improve families ability to help

39
Q

Burbach

A

proposed a model for working with families dealing with schizo.

40
Q

phase 1 Burbach

A

sharing basic info and providing emotional and practical support

41
Q

phase 2 burbach

A

involves identifying what diff family members can do

42
Q

phase 3 burbach

A

encourage mutual understanding creating a safe space

43
Q

phase 4 burbach

A

identifying unhelpful patterns of interaction

44
Q

phase 5 burbach

A

skills training such as stress management techniques

45
Q

phase 6 burbach

A

relapse prevention planning

46
Q

phase 7 burbach

A

maintenance for future

47
Q

Jauhar

A

reviewed 34 cbt studies and concluded cbt had a sinifciant but fairly small effect on posiitve and negative symptoms of schizo

48
Q

mcmonagle and sultana

A

review of evidence for token economies found only one of 3 studies showed improvements in symptoms

49
Q

defintion of token economies

A

reward systems used to manage behaviour of people with schizophrenia in partciualr those who devekloped patterns of maladaptive behaviour through spending long periods in hospitals.

50
Q

ayllon and azrin

A

trailed token economy in ward of women. Tokens could be swapped for ward priviligedges. Number of tasks increased significantly.

51
Q

institutionalisation develops due to

A

prolonged hospitilisation.

52
Q

matson

A

identified 3 categories of institutional behaviour tackled by token economies: personal care, condition related behaviours an social behaviour.

53
Q

what is involved in token economy

A

tokens are given out when a desired behaviour is carried out the tokens are swapped out for tangible rewards.

54
Q

tokens are

A

secondary reinforcers and rewards are primary reinforcers

55
Q

Glowacki

A

identified seven studies that showed a reduction in negative symptoms and decline in frequency of unwanted behaviours.

56
Q

interactionist approach

A

vunerability + stress trigger

57
Q

meehl’s model

A

vunerability was entirely genetic single schizogene.

58
Q

Modern understanding of diathesis

A

polygenic. range of factors beyond genetic inc psychological trauma which can affect brain development

59
Q

modern understanding of stress

A

stress includes anything that risks triggering schizophrenia. eg. cannabis increases risk up to 7 times.

60
Q

Tardive dyskinesia

A

Uncontrollable muscle movemdntd

61
Q

Bagnall

A

Compare typical and atypical drugs found atypical was far more effectuve in treating oversll symptoms clozapine was most effectuvd

62
Q

How many people who take antipsychotic drugs relapse

A

2/3

63
Q

Sensky

A

Showed that patients who resisted drug treatments had a reduction in positive and begatjve symptoms after 19 cbt sessions

64
Q

Famiky therapy aims to

A
  • reduce conflict
  • refuce stress
  • reduce self sacarfucs
  • improve communication
  • improve problem solving skills
65
Q

Leff

A

8% releapsed after family therapy compares to 50% with standard outpatient care

66
Q

Dickenson

A

Looked ar 13 token economy studies and it was effectuve in improving the adaptuve begaviour of people

67
Q

Gottesman

A

Found concordance rate MZ 48% and 17% in DZ partky genetic but not 100%

68
Q

Interactionist approach

A
  • more valid
  • research support
  • nature nurture debate
  • holistic
  • over simplistic
  • real world app
69
Q

what % have schizo

A

1% more common in men

70
Q

positive symptoms

A

hallucinations and delusions

71
Q

hallucinations

A

sensory experiences

72
Q

delusions

A

irrational beliefs

73
Q

negative symptoms

A

speech poverty and avolition

PSYCH A LEVEL (18 decks)

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